Biological Psychology Flashcards

Question

Synapse

Answer 1

- neurons don’t actually touch each other. The gap between them is called the synapse. (Synaptic cleft) - Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse to continue cell to cell communication. - Synapses connect neurons and help transmit information from one neuron to the next. - Places where neurons connect and communicate with each other. - Is a small gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next.

Answer 2

Sensory neuron (unipolar) Interneuron (bipolar) Motor neuron (multipolar)

Answer 3

Sensory neurons, unipolar. - process sensory information from the sense organs and carry the sensory messages to the spinal cord ad brain (CNS)

Answer 4

Motor neurons, multipolar - carry motor messages from the spinal cord and brain (CNS) to the muscles, glands and organs of the body

Answer 5

Interneurons, bipolar - act as the connection between sensory neurons and motor neurons and transfers messages from sensory neurons and motor neurons within the CNS. - Integrate and co-ordinate motor and sensory neurons - belong in the brain and spinal cord

Answer 6

- from the dendrites, to the cell body, then along the the axon to the axon terminals. - when the action potential reaches the axon terminals, it causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

Answer 7

The speed of the action potential through neurons depends on the thickness of myelin sheath that covers the axon.

Answer 8

‘The electrical impulse’ The electrical impulse that travels along the axon of neurons towards the axon terminals where it causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

Answer 9

- Neurons carry electro-chemical signals, as an electrical nerve impulse travels through the neuron (axon) and neurotransmitters travels between the synapse of neurons. - the electrical nerve impulse are the ‘electro’ component and the neurotransmitters are the ‘chemical’ component of the signal.

Answer 10

Synapses connect neurons and helps with the transmission of information from one neuron to the next Synapse- the axon terminal of a pre-synaptic neuron, the cleft and the dendrite of a post-synaptic neuron Synaptic cleft- space between two neurons

Answer 11

Pre-synaptic neuron to post-synaptic neuron Electrical nerve impulse - chemical signal - electrical nerve impulse

Answer 12

- a chemical substance which is released at the end of a nerve fibre by the arrival of a nerve impulse and by diffusing across the synapse or junction - they transmit messages between two neurons or from neurons to muscles - neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse to continue cell to cell communication. - neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that your body can’t function without -their job is to carry out chemical signals from one neuron to the next target cell

Answer 13

Electrical (within the neuron)

Answer 14

Chemical (same as the neurotransmitters)

Answer 15

Hind brain Mid brain Fore brain

Answer 16

-keeping you alive -helps regulate autonomic functions, Relay sensory information Co-ordinate movement Maintain balance and equilibrium - coordinates sensory and motor messages entering and leaving the spinal cord and is responsible for balance and coordination

Answer 17

Medulla Cerebellum

Answer 18

The lowest part of the brain stem that relays information between the spinal cord and brain, and regulates the respiratory and cardiovascular system

Answer 19

Movement, coordination and balance The convoluted structure at the lower back (posterior) of the brain sitting underneath the cerebrum. The cerebellum is involved in - balance - judging distance - Co-ordination of fine motor movement

Answer 20

-helps to regulate movement and process auditory and visual info - receives sensory messages from all senses, except smell, and sends info to the forebrain

Answer 21

Reticular formation

Answer 22

- network of nuclei located within the length of the brain stem that helps maintain wakefulness and alertness and aids in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle - job is to think and controls things like if you are awake or alert. In the brain stem

Answer 23

- processes sensory information, helps with reasoning and problem solving and regulates autonomic, endocrine, and motor functions - largest part of the brain that plays a key role in cognition, emotion, behaviour, and processing sensory information

Answer 24

Thalamus Hypothalamus

Answer 25

- Double-lobed structure located just above the brain stem that receives sensory information, except smell, and transmits info to the cerebral cortex - the thalamus also has an influence on sleep

Answer 26

- structure that sits below the thalamus and regulates sleep, eating, body temperature and sexual drive. - the hypothalamus also regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland that sits beneath it

Answer 27

- the outermost layer of the brain made up of nerve cell tissue that is responsible for higher order processes such as memory, language, reasoning, emotion and decision making - 2 to 4 mm thick layer of tissues sits on top of the cerebrum and has deep furrows to increase the surface area - the nerve tissue is comprised of unmyelinated neurons, and the cell bodies of neurons which are collectively known as grey matter

Answer 28

Left or right side of the brain is dominant and specialise in certain tasks

Answer 29

Left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body

Answer 30

Responsible for- - Producing speech - comprehending language - writing - reasoning - logical thinking - mathematical processes Association in —memory, selective attention, positive emotions

Answer 31

Responsible for - ability to draw pictures - spatial orientation - music and art awareness - creativity and emotion -pitch perception, arousal, negative emotions

Answer 32

Cognitive function and motor functions Consciousness, thinking, personality Voluntary movement, planning and decision making, problem solving, ability to reason, organise information, expression of personality, recognition of emotions, controls speech production and impulse control

Answer 33

Movement, senses- taste, speech, reading. Sensory functions that aren’t in another lobe -processing sensory information relating to the sense of touch, responsible for spatial awareness, proprioception (perception of the location and movement of body parts), involved with the integration of sensory information (manages hearing, sight, touch, smell and taste)

Answer 34

Vision - visual perception, visual processing, interpreting visual information, facial recognition and perception of distance and depth

Answer 35

Hearing, speech. Hearing, smell and memory Understanding speech, interprets auditory information, responsible for processing the sense of smell, facial recognition, recognising body language, partly responsible for recognition of emotions and involved in long term memory formation

Answer 36

Large c shape joins the left and right hemispheres. - The thick band of nerve fibres connecting the cerebral hemispheres of the brain and allowing the transfer of information between them. - This is the largest white matter structure in the human brain with myelinated axons allowing for optimum nerve impulse transmission between neurons.

Answer 37

controls the ability to speak those words - muscles to say the words

Answer 38

- Ability to understand the meaning of words - speech and writing

Answer 39

The front layer of the frontal lobes that coordinates executive functions, such as the ability to predict the consequences of behaviours, as well as the ability to recognise and regulate emotions

Answer 40

- frontal lobe at back, motor function - a strip of cerebral cortex running through the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement of the body. - different zones of the primary motor cortex correspond to the various parts of the body, with the size of each zone representing the importance of the body part according to how often used it is -( back of frontal lobe)

Answer 41

- A strip of cerebral cortex running through the parietal lobes that registers and processes sensory information - A human humunculi can be used to visually represent how different zones on the primary sensory cortex correspond to the sensitivity of body part -( front of parietal lobe)

Answer 42

- An area within both temporal lobes that registers and processes auditory information that is received from the ears

Answer 43

- An area within both occipital lobes that registers and processes visual information that is received from the eyes

Answer 44

Side (entire brain)

Answer 45

From bottom

Answer 46

- case study illustrating localisation of lobe function. American railroad foreman- survived traumatic brain injury- iron rod shot through his cheek, pierced eye and through his frontal lobe, his skull and obliterated the greater part of the left frontal lobe of his brain. - Filter to no filter. Personality change - must be in the frontal lobe.

Answer 47

- He was highly capable, efficient, and polite prior to the incident, - he was now impatient, impulsive, uncaring for others around him, and would often swear. • Serious damage to the left frontal lobe • The frontal lobes of the brain are responsible for the expression of personality, problem solving, and impulse control.

Answer 48

Frontal lobotomies - trying to separate the frontal lobe from other parts

Answer 49

- prefrontal cortex- frontal lobotomies Left and right hemispheres Contralateral control of the body • He did it to thousands of people- insane mostly but it began to be a thing he wanted to just ‘prevent’ them from going insane • Inserting an ice pick through the nose, or eyelid to break parts of the bran to separate the frontal lobe. The pick would then be scrambled from side to side in order to damage the frontal lobe from the midbrain. Took about 10 minutes • Local anaesthetic -only numb a part of the body. • Frontal lobe and mid brain • No consent, no science behind it

Answer 50

Corpus callosum- using split brain experiment

Answer 51

• Split brain research on monkeys and cats before humans. The two hemispheres worked independently of each other, as two split brains, when the corpus callosum connecting them was cut, and that the corpus callosum allowed direct communication between the hemispheres. • Processing a word with the right eye is processed in the left hemisphere and the person can speak the work they saw. Processing a word with the left eye is processed in the right hemisphere and the person can not speak the word they saw but can draw it. • The corpus callosum is required for full functioning of the brain, and that the left hemisphere is responsible fro understanding language and speech articulation, while the right hemisphere can recognise language, but is unable to verbally articulate it.

Answer 52

Performed on a couple of humans to lessen or prevent seizures

Answer 53

Is a test that measures electrical activity in the brain using small, metal discs (electrodes) attached to the scalp, detects electrical signals- activity occurring. Specialises and might be useful diagnosing brain disorders, especially epilepsy or another seizure disorder. Epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain tumours. The recorded data is in the form of brain waves- on the computer.

Answer 54

Type of x-ray that creates 2 or 3 dimensional images of your body Bones, organs (brain), soft tissues and blood vessels Can help diagnose medical conditions including internal injury from an accident More detail than an ordinary x-ray Detailed image of any part of the body- bones, muscles, fat, organs and blood vessels Higher level of radiation.

Answer 55

A magnetic resonance imaging - detailed pictures of inside the body Uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate signals from the body, that are processed by a computer to create detailed pictures Shows certain problems, injury, or combination with other tests to diagnose a condition Very detailed, doesn’t use radiation and is painless Can examine- brain and spinal cord, bones and joints, breasts, heart and blood vessels, internal organs (liver, uterus, prostate gland) Used for- investigation, diagnosis and planning of treatment of: tumours, joint injury or disease, soft tissue injury, internal organ damage.

Answer 56

Measures small changes in the blood flow that occur with the brain activity It may examine which parts of the brain are handling critical functions, evaluate the effects of stoke or other disease, or to guide brain treatment fMRI may detect abnormalities within the brain that cannot be found with other imaging techniques Is a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses, and a computer to produce detailed pictures of internal body structures Measures the tiny changes in blood flow that take place when a certain part of the brain is working Learn how a normal, diseased or injured brain is working Helps asses the effects of stroke, trauma or degenerative disease on brain function Monitor growth and function of brain tumours

Answer 57

The crossing over of optic nerves at the base of the brain, directly in front of the hypothalamus. • Optic nerves from each eye cross over at the optic chiasm so input from the left field of view is processed in the right hemisphere and input from the right field of view is processed in the left hemisphere. • This enables vision from one side of both the eyes to be appreciated by the occipital cortex of the opposite side.

Biological Psychology Flashcards

(83 cards)