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LET Reviewer (Science Major) > Biological Science (Integrated) > Flashcards

Biological Science (Integrated) Flashcards

1
Q

Channels in plant cells that allow for communication and transport between adjacent cells.

A

Plasmodesmata

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2
Q

The process of preserving cells, tissues, or organs at extremely low temperatures to maintain their viability.

A

Cryopreservation

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3
Q

A DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, leading to genetic variation.

A

Transposon

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4
Q

The study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence.

A

Epigenetics

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5
Q

The protective cap at the end of a chromosome that shortens with each cell division and is associated with aging and cellular senescence.

A

Telomere

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6
Q

The process by which cells degrade and recycle their own components to maintain cellular homeostasis.

A

Autophagy

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7
Q

The study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples, providing insights into the diversity and function of microbial communities.

A

Metagenomics

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8
Q

The presence of two or more genetically distinct cell populations within an organism, often resulting from the fusion of embryos.

A

Chimerism

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9
Q

A type of transposon that uses an RNA intermediate to insert copies of itself into new genomic locations.

A

Retrotransposon

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10
Q

The formation of new species due to geographic isolation, where populations are separated and evolve independently.

A

Allopatric speciation

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11
Q

The community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, that inhabit a particular environment, such as the human gut.

A

Microbiome

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12
Q

The number, size, and shape of chromosomes in an individual or a species.

A

Karyotype

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13
Q

A gene that, when mutated or overexpressed, contributes to the development of cancer by promoting cell proliferation or inhibiting cell death.

A

Oncogene

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14
Q

A phenomenon in genetics where the effects of one gene are dependent on the presence of one or more modifier genes.

A

Epistasis

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15
Q

The process by which organisms maintain the balance of water and solutes within their bodies, especially in relation to osmotic pressure.

A

Osmoregulation

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16
Q

An infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans.

A

Zoonosis

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17
Q

A coding region of a gene that contains information for protein synthesis.

A

Exon

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18
Q

A non-coding region of a gene that is transcribed but removed during RNA splicing before translation.

A

Intron

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19
Q

A set of genetic variations (alleles) that are inherited together on the same chromosome.

A

Haplotype

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20
Q

Programmed cell death, essential for development, tissue homeostasis, and elimination of damaged or infected cells.

A

Apoptosis

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21
Q

The formation of new species within the same geographic area, often due to ecological or behavioral factors.

A

Sympatric speciation

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22
Q

A parasite that lives on the external surface of its host.

A

Ectoparasite

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23
Q

A mutually beneficial relationship between different species in which one organism lives inside the other.

A

Endosymbiosis

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24
Q

The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, such as a protein.

A

Gene expression

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25
Q

One of the alternative forms of a gene that arise from mutations and occupy the same gene locus on a chromosome.

A

Allele

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26
Q

A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis.

A

Codon

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27
Q

A laboratory technique used to simultaneously analyze the expression levels of thousands of genes or genetic variations.

A

Microarray

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28
Q

The basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells, consisting of DNA wrapped around a histone protein core.

A

Nucleosome

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29
Q

The large-scale study of proteins, including their structures, functions, and interactions within a biological system.

A

Proteomics

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30
Q

The process of combining two different species or varieties to create offspring with genetic traits from both parents.

A

Hybridization

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31
Q

A molecule or substance that triggers an immune response, typically by binding to antibodies or T-cell receptors.

A

Antigen

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32
Q

The transfer of genetic material between non-parental organisms, often through mechanisms such as horizontal gene transfer.

A

Lateral gene transfer

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33
Q

A type of immune cell that presents antigens to other immune cells, playing a crucial role in initiating immune responses.

A

Dendritic cell

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34
Q

Quorum sensing

A

A mechanism by which bacteria coordinate their behavior based on population density, using chemical signals to regulate gene expression.

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35
Q

A polymer that forms the cell walls of bacteria, providing structural support and protection against osmotic pressure.

A

Peptidoglycan

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36
Q

A molecule that inhibits or neutralizes the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species, protecting cells from oxidative stress.

A

Antioxidant

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37
Q

The position of an organism in a food chain or ecological pyramid, indicating its feeding relationship and energy transfer.

A

Trophic level

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38
Q

The movement of cells or organisms in response to chemical gradients

A

Chemotaxis

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39
Q

The following are competencies of Carolus Linnaeus, except:
a. zoologist
b. physician
c. philosopher
d. botanist

A

Philosopher

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40
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the Integumentary System studied in Anatomy?
a. Bones
b. Hair
c. Skin
d. Nails

A

Bones

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41
Q

Which of the following genetic disorders cause body tremors and stiffness, shown especially among elders?
a. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
b. Parkinson’s Disease
c. Turner Syndrome
d. Down Syndrome

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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42
Q

Which of the following exhibit macroglossia, a disorder in which the tongue is larger than normal?
a. Turner Syndrome
b. Down Syndrome
c. Beta Thalassemia
d. Kawasaki Syndrome

A

Down Syndrome

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43
Q

It is the process by which species from different ancestors develop similar traits/characteristics?
a. Speciation
b. Natural selection
c. gradualism
d. common descent

A

Natural Selection

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44
Q

On the anatomy of the heart, which animal has a four-chambered heart?
a. tadpoles
b. reptiles
c. fishes
d. man

A

Man

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45
Q

These are the terms for the biological process by which individual organisms or offspring are produced by parents, EXCEPT:
a. reproduction
b. maturation
c. breeding
d. procreation

A

Maturation

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46
Q

In the Kingdom Monera, which Bacteria is the most ancient because they resemble the first forms of life on earth that thrive in the harshest environment?
a. Gram-negative bacteria
b. Archaebacteria
c. Cyanobacteria
d. Eubacteria

A

Archaebacteria

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47
Q

Who coined the term “scientist”?

A

William Whewell

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48
Q

Who coined the term “gene”?

A

Wilhelm Johannsen

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49
Q

The time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a chemical, or radiation and when symptoms and signs are first apparent
a. Inoculation
b. Incubation
c. Intoxication
d. Latency

A

Incubation

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50
Q

Which of the following laboratory apparatuses is used to magnify objects that is too small to see with the naked eye?

A

Microscope

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51
Q
  1. Which of the following microorganisms is used to make alcohol and rise of dough in bread making?
    a. Yeast
    b. virus
    c. fungi
    d. amoeba
A

Yeast

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52
Q

Gregor Mendel is known as the father of ___________________?

A

Genetics

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53
Q

Plants produce their own food with the use of carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water and are called?

A

Autotrophic

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54
Q

Oil, margarine, wax are all examples of ________________.
a. Lipids
b. proteins
c. carbohydrate
d. nucleic acid

A

Lipids

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55
Q

What raw materials are needed for cellular respiration?

A

Glucose and Oxygen

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56
Q

Which is the longest cell in the human body?
a. Skin
b. Nerve cell
c. Epithelial cell
d. Connective cell

A

Nerve Cell

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57
Q

The Danish botanist who coined the term “gene” used as a functional unit of heredity.
a. Thomas Morgan
b. Wilhelm Johannsen
c. Gregor Mendel
d. Matthias Schleiden

A

Wilhelm Johannsen

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58
Q

Protozoa, seaweeds and molds are not plant and not animals because the share the same kingdom. They are classified under Kingdom?
a. Protista
b. Virus
c. Monera
d. Prokaryote

A

Protista

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59
Q

Blood test are used in the following EXCEPT
a. Herpes
b. Gonorrhea
c. HIV
d. Covid-19

A

Covid-19

60
Q

A change in the DNA sequence resulting internally from errors in cell division or externally from harmful environmental factors such as ionizing radiation, chemical or infections which may result to genetic abnormality called_____.

A

Mutation

61
Q

Zebra, horse, and donkey are different species. However, their morphology and genetic materials are almost similar making them closely related organisms because they are of the same?
a. Kingdom
b. Domain
c. Order
d. Genus

A

Genus

62
Q

Which among the following elements is the most abundant and can have stronger bonds with other elements that can forms products with various properties.
a. Potassium
b. Hydrogen
c. Nitrogen
d. Carbon

A

Carbon

63
Q

Of the four elements out of 105 known elements that comprise 98% of living matter, the highest percentage of 63% is:
a. Hydrogen
b. Carbon
c. Nitrogen
d. Oxygen

A

Oxygen

64
Q

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are all examples of?
a. Catabolism
b. photosynthesis
c. homeostasis
d. Macromolecular

A

Macromolecular

65
Q

Which of the following is a mismatched?
a. Alexander Fleming: Father of Medical surgery
b. Leeuwenhoek: Father of Microscopy
c. Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics
d. Louis Pasteur: Father of Microbiology

A

A

66
Q

Which is referred to as the energy-storage compound used to do all forms of work of the cell?
a. Adenine
b. Electron
c. Adenosine diphosphate
d. Adenosine Triphosphate

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

67
Q

How does genetic drift impact the genetic variation and evolution of populations, and what are some examples of this process?
a. The accumulation of mutations over time
b. The loss of genetic diversity due to chance events
c. The survival and reproduction of certain traits due to natural selection
d. The exchange of genes between populations via migration

A

The loss of genetic diversity due to chance events

68
Q

These are example of homeostatic mechanisms in the body which internal balance in the body but NOT to include ____________.
a. Waste products are stored for accumulation and concentration
b. Nutrients supplied to body cells as needed
c. Body temperature kept with in normal range
d. Osmotic pressure of the blood and its pH kept with certain limits

A

Waste products are stored for accumulation and concentration

69
Q

One of the important criteria in classifying plant and animal kingdoms is the evolutionary relationship known as ___.

A

Phylogenetic

70
Q

It is described when two organisms developed the same traits based on their habitat.
a. Analogous
b. Mutation
c. Convergent
d. Divergent

A

Convergent

71
Q

What is the goal to generate the first sequence of the human genome?
a. Human genome Project
b. Development of Artificial Intelligence
c. Exploration of the Deep Sea
d. Commercial Space Travel

A

Human genome Project

72
Q

This involves altering of genes inside our body’s cells in an effort to treat or stop disease.
a. Gene Therapy
b. Gene recombination
c. Gene flow
d. Genetic Drift

A

Gene Therapy

73
Q

Which of the following organelles is usually present in plants and bacteria but not in animals?
a. Cell wall
b. cell membrane
c. nucleus
d. ribosomes

A

Cell wall

74
Q

The broadest, highest and most general taxon or level in classification is the?

A

Domain

75
Q

Genetic disorders can be caused by ___.
a. Gene mutations
b. Changes in chromosome number
c. Changes in chromosome structure
d. All of the above

A

All of the above

76
Q

The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template is known as ______.
a. Transcription
b. Translation
c. RNA splicing
d. Replication

A

Transcription

77
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of mitosis in humans?
a. Growth
b. Wound repair
c. Embryonic movement
d. Production of gametes

A

Production of gametes

78
Q

What term is used when an egg developed into a new organism without itself being fertilized by a sperm?

A

Parthenogenesis

79
Q

The following are domains of life except:
a. Eukarya
b. Prokaryota
c. Archaea
d. Bacteria

A

Prokaryota

80
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for attention and memory?

A

Frontal

81
Q

Which theory states that many diseases are caused by the presence and actions of specific micro-organisms within the body?
a. Natural Selection
b. Germ theory of Disease
c. Miasma theory
d. Determinant Theory

A

Germ theory of Disease

82
Q

The α helix and the β-pleated sheet are part of which protein structure?
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary

A

Secondary

83
Q

A diploid, multicellular life-cycle stage that gives rise to haploid cells by meiosis is called a ________.

A

Sporophyte

84
Q

Flame cells are the excretory structures for
a. Annelida
b. Coelenterates
c. Platyhelminthes
d. Echinodermata

A

Platyhelminthes

85
Q

What process is responsible for the upward movement of the water in very tall trees?
A. Osmosis
b. Capillary action
c. Turgor pressure
d. Transpiration

A

Transpiration

86
Q

Which of the following immunity is present from our birth?
a. Innate immunity
b. Active immunity
c. Passive immunity
d. Acquired immunity

A

Innate immunity

87
Q

If black and white true-breeding mice are mated and the result is all gray offspring, what inheritance pattern would this be indicative of?
a. dominance
b. codominance
c. multiple alleles
d. incomplete dominance

A

incomplete dominance

88
Q

Range of technologies that employ living organisms or parts of them to make diverse products?

A

Biotechnology

89
Q

When a section of genes or DNA, are removed from an organism and supplemented or inserted into the plasmid?
a. Gene mapping
b. Gene splicing
c. Gene sequencing
d. Gene ordering

A

Gene splicing

90
Q

This process of food preservation that is used to kill bacteria through mild heating.
a. Boiling
b. Pasteurization
c. Sterilization
d. Fermentation

A

Pasteurization

91
Q

Deficiency in the secretion of this hormone causes simple goiter.

A

Thyroxin

92
Q

Which of the following groups of organisms ia s very good source of antibiotics?
a. Penicillium notatum
b. Aspergillus niger
c. Rhizopus stolonifera
d. None

A

Penicillium notatum

93
Q

The bacteria plays important roles in nature as __________________.
a. Gera catalysts
b. Biological enhancers
c. Chemical recyclers
d. Organic additive

A

Organic additive

94
Q

The study of parasites is known as

A

Parasitology

95
Q

What is the shape of vibrio cholerae?
a. Rod shaped
b. Comma
c. Circular
d. Spherical

A

Comma

96
Q

Which of the following inventions has been used in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic that killed millions of people in the world?
a. mRNA vaccines
b. TAME
c. Microbiome Therapies
d. Ex Vivo Gene Therapy

A

mRNA vaccines

97
Q

Factory of cement, plastic companies contribute to the more than half of ______.
a. Sulfuric acid
b. Greenhouse gases
c. Acid rain
d. Ocean acidification

A

Greenhouse gases

98
Q

The set of observable traits or characteristics in an individual resulting from the expression of genes?

A

Phenotype

99
Q

Sickle cell anemia, which involves a change in one of the polypeptides in the hemoglobin molecule, is due to what type of gene mutation?
a. deletion
b. duplication
c. substitution
d. translocation

A

substitution

100
Q

What is atherosclerosis?
a. Irregular heartbeat
b. Death of muscle
c. Blockage of arteries due to fat deposit
d. Paralysis of muscle

A

Blockage of arteries due to fat deposit

101
Q

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is mostly caused by?
a. Viruses
b. acids and salty food we eat
c. coliform bacteria like E. coli
d. Clostridium botulinum

A

coliform bacteria like E. coli

102
Q

Coronavirus disease 2019 is caused by?
a. Sars
b. Sars-1
c. Sars- CoV-1
d. SARS – CoV - 2

A

SARS – CoV - 2

103
Q

By what process does a severely cut portion of a starfish grow into a full starfish?
a. Binary fission
b. Budding
c. Fragmentation
d. Regeneration

A

Regeneration

104
Q

What type of tropism is shown in the situation where the plant’s roots which grew towards the surface of the ground?
a. Positive Phototropism
b. Positive Geotropism
c. Negative Phototropism
d. Negative Geotropism

A

Positive Geotropism

105
Q

True of Trisomy 21:
a. An abnormality of chromosomes inheritance in which there are 3 copies of chromosomes 21
b. Also known as Turner’s syndrome
c. Presents with superior mental intelligence, tall stature and protruding
d. Results when an individual is missing 3 chromosomes

A

An abnormality of chromosomes inheritance in which there are 3 copies of chromosomes 21

106
Q

All monocots possess the following characteristics except:
a. scattered arrangement of vascular bundles
b. parallel veins
c. fibrous root system
d. floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5

A

floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5

107
Q

Plants wilt when the rate of ____________.
a. Water absorption is faster than transpiration
b. Transpiration is faster than water absorption
c. Photosynthesis is faster than transpiration
d. Weight loss after several weeks

A

Transpiration is faster than water absorption

108
Q

What kind of organism is the schistoma which causes schistosomiasis, a tropical disease traced to contaminated water?
a. Virus
b. Flatworm
c. Fungus
d. Protist

A

Flatworm

109
Q

Which of the following environmental conditions would likely increase the rate of photosynthesis?
a. Increase in O2 in the atmosphere
b. Increase in O2 concentration
c. Increase in CO2 concentration
d. Increase in nitrogen concentration

A

Increase in CO2 concentration

110
Q

Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthesis. This indicates that the plants
a. Affect the balance of gases in the atmosphere
b. Take oxygen from the air the same as in the animals
c. Compete with animals in the supply of oxygen in the atmosphere
d. Rely on the sun as their source of energy

A

Affect the balance of gases in the atmosphere

111
Q

Double fertilization in plants occurs when ___________.
a. A sperm cell fuses with an egg cell while another egg cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form endosperm
b. Two sperm cells fuses with one egg cell to form a triploid zygote
c. One sperm cell fuses with an egg cell while another sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form endosperm
d. One sperm cell fuses with an egg cell with another sperm cell fuses with a polar nucleus to form endosperm.

A

One sperm cell fuses with an egg cell while another sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form endosperm

112
Q

It is a progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss and possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry on and respond to the environment.
a. Cerebral palsy
b. Burkitt’s lymphoma
c. Alzheimer’s Disease
d. Huntington’s disease

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

113
Q

Which of the following exemplifies a closed population where no migration takes place?
a. Green sea turtles in territorial waters
b. Bacteria in the human intestines
c. Paramecia in a hay infusion
d. Frogs in a rice fields

A

Paramecia in a hay infusion

114
Q

Most common to be tested in laboratory?
a. gonorrhea
b. CBC
c. Herpes
d. HIV

A

CBC

115
Q

Linnaeus placed humans under the genus Homo because man __________.
a. Hunts and gathers food
b. Has a large brain and upright posture
c. Laughs and has a sense of humor
d. Is humus (Latin word of “dust”)

A

Has a large brain and upright posture

116
Q

Gumamela is known as a __________ flower.
Complete
Incomplete
Imperfect
Compatible

A

Complete

117
Q

Hydrogen peroxide, a pale blue liquid (H202), used in bleaching and antiseptic, when broken down into two: water and oxygen, is an example of what kind of chemical reaction?
a. displacement
b. synthesis
c. decomposition
d. combustion

A

decomposition

118
Q

Who invented the microscope?

A

Zacharias Janssen

119
Q

Term given to a cell with only one set of chromosomes, (ex. sex cells: sperm and egg)

A

Haploid

120
Q

Term given to a cell with two sets of chromosomes (ex. Most of our cells, apart from the sex cells and reb blood cells)

A

Diploid

121
Q

Mitosis: Diploid - Meiosis: ______

A

Haploid

122
Q

Any cell forming the body of an organism, except the sex cells/germ cells.

A

Somatic

123
Q

Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells are types of:

A

Plant Cell

124
Q

______ are cells that are elongated and have pointed ends

A

Smooth Muscle Cells

125
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are also called ______ because of their striped appearance when viewed under a compound microscope.

A

Striated muscle cells

126
Q

Commonly known as red blood cells.

A

Erythrocytes

127
Q

Neuron is also known as the

A

Nerve cell

128
Q

The longest cell in the human body

A

Nerve cell or neuron

129
Q

The control center, directing and coordinating all activities of the cell.

A

Nucleus

130
Q

Prokaryotes have small circular DNA called _____ scattered in the cytoplasm

A

Plasmids

131
Q

Eukaryotes: Nucleus - Prokaryotes: No nucleus

A
132
Q

Organisms with more than one cell are referred to as

A

Multicellular

133
Q

The site of the cell where proteins are synthesized.

A

Ribosome

134
Q

The powerhouse of the cell/ produce energy for the cell.

A

Mitochondria

135
Q

Regulates the entry and exit of substances in the cell

A

Plasma membrane

136
Q

Cell cite for packaging of proteins and carbohydrates

A

Golgi complex

137
Q

Semi-fluid part where most organelles are suspended

A

Cytosol

138
Q

Transport proteins produced by the ribosomes

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

139
Q

Molecules and other particles move to regions of lower concentrations.

A

Passive transport
Ex: Diffusion - particles spread thru liquid or gas medium from region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Osmosis - water moves from high to lower concentration

140
Q

Passive transport: high to low (doesnt require energy) - Active transport: _____

A

low to high concentration (requires energy)

141
Q

What do you call the union of gamete cells inside a test tube?
Sexual
Asexual
In vitro
In vivo

A

In vitro

142
Q

Cytoplasm: Inside the cell - Outside the cell:

A

Protoplasm

143
Q

Contains the information that we inherit from our parents

A

Genes

144
Q

In the competition for ____, variations in a population allow some individuals to survive and reproduce, while others are killed off
A. Territory
B. Offspring
C. Survival
D. Food

A

Survival

145
Q

Which of the ff type of cartilage is a present at the joints of long bones in humans?

A. Fibrous
B. Hyaline
C. Elastic
D. Calcified

A

Hyaline

146
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline - in between bones
Elastic - ears
Fibrocartilage - tough cartilage, strongest and least flexible, vertebrae in spine

147
Q

Migration of cancerous cells from the site of origin to other part of body forming secondary tumor

A

Metastasis

LET Reviewer (Science Major) (7 decks)

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