Biological Sciences Flashcards
(58 cards)
The activated form of Vitamin D stimulates the absorption of _______ into the blood through the small intestine.
calcium
Parathyroid hormone increases the activity of ________, which break down bone cells to increase calcium levels in blood plasma.
osteoclasts
Vitamin C promotes bone ________ and is required for the synthesis of the bone matrix, lowering the concentration of calcium in the blood plasma.
Formation
________ reduces calcium reabsorption by fine-tuning (small changes). High levels of this are found in the blood when calcium levels in the plasma are high.
calcitonin
Bone reabsorption occurs when levels of calcium in the blood plasma are ______.
Low
What would result from the complete removal of the parathyroid glands?
severe neural and muscular problems due to deficiency of calcium in the plasma
condition of low blood calcium resulting from the lack of parathyroid hormone
causes increased neuromuscular excitability due to increase in membrane potential which is usually partly kept in balance w/ extracellular calcium
usually kills patients through respiratory muscle spasms
hypocalcemia
what explains if a product is the result of a kinetic control?
its reaction profile has a lower energy of activation
product is formed faster than the thermodynamically controlled product bc the energy of activation is lower.
kinetically controlled product
a compound (product) produced under equilibrium conditions that is more stable than other products
thermodynamically controlled product
what is the hybridization of the carbonyl carbon in cyclohexanone?
sp2
carbonyl carbon bonded to 3 other atoms, creating 3 hybrid orbitals
what endocrine disorder could cause hypertension that could not be remedied w/ a physiologically normal kidney?
excess aldosterone
Aldosterone is a hormone release by the _______. It increases the absorption of __________ by the kidneys and leads to an increase in ________.
adrenal glands
sodium and water
blood pressure
What mechanism is most likely responsible for increased urine output (induced by hypertension)
increased glomerular filtrate rate
an increase to the systemic blood pressure would initially increase the ___________, which would increase glomerular filtration rate.
glomerular capillary blood pressure
solutes and water are reabsorbed in the ________ after filtration by the kidneys
renal tubules
reduced flow of blood through the renal arteries would cause a decrease in _________
glomerular blood pressure
system in the kidneys that increases the amount of sodium and water that is reabsorbed by the kidneys
increases blood volume and pressure
renin-angiotensin system of hormones
Equation: Blood Pressure
P = cardiac output x vascular resistance to flow of blood (P = CO * VR)
Enhanced activity of what basic muscle type would be most likely to cause hypertension by causing vasoconstriction?
Smooth muscle (in blood vessels)
What eukaryotic organelle is involved in the synthesis of antibody proteins?
Endoplasmic reticulum (Note: antibodies are secreted proteins translated by ribosomes on the rough ER)
The most effective way to remove triethylamine would be to extract the reaction mixture with aqueous ________ to make it water soluble.
HCl (hydrochloric acid);
Triethylamine is most soluble in an ________
organic solvent
T/F: The most stable conformation for an organic compound is one in which the largest substituent groups are in the axial position.
False; Largest (highest priority) substituent should be in the equatorial position in the most stable chair conformation
