BIOLOGICALANTHROPOLOGY Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
biological anthropology
A
study of how humans evolved; explores human differences and similarities by investigating biological and cultural complexities
2
Q
oldest north american skeleton
A
eve of naranon in the carribbean coast of mexico (13,600+ years ago)
3
Q
5 disciplines of anthropology
A
cultural, linguistic, archaeology, biological, applied
4
Q
scope of biological anthropology
A
primatology, paleoanthropology, molecular anthro, bioarchaeology, forensic anthro, human bio
5
Q
carolus liinnaeus
A
early naturalist who created a classification system for living things based on appearance (species/genus)
6
Q
binomial nomenclature (by linnaeus)
A
first letter of genus is capitalized, species designations are lower case
7
Q
georges-louis leclerc
A
early naturalist who founded biogeography; regions with similar environments still have different species
8
Q
jean-baptiste lemarck
A
early naturalist who discovered the inheritance of acquired characteristics/rare traits which help creatures adapt
9
Q
charles darwin
A
early naturalist who collected specimens and observed living and fossilized creatures + darwinism
10
Q
alfred wallace
A
early naturalist who described theory of natural selection + collaborated with darwin to write about this theory
11
Q
gregor mendel
A
early naturalist who experimented with pea plants to crossbreed and test inheritance of physical traits (discovered genetics)
12
Q
3 postulates of darwinian evolution - struggle for existence
A
ability to expand population is infinite
13
Q
3 postulates of darwinian evolution - variation in fitness
A
ability to reproduce among organisms is varied
14
Q
3 postulates of darwinian evolution - inheritance of variation
A
beneficial traits are inherited by offspring
15
Q
evolution is not an increase in fitness
A
environments are changing; “red queen hypothesis”
16
Q
darwinian evolution and inheritance
A
no explanation on how characteristics inherited
17
Q
variation in evolution
A
physical variety which are passed through offspring
18
Q
adaptive change
A
many more organisms are born than can survive; lack of resources to sustain life (natural selection)
19
Q
somatic cells
A
most cells in the body
20
Q
gametes
A
sex cells
21
Q
cytoplasm
A
mix of membranes, molecules, and organelles
22
Q
nucleus
A
contains hereditary materials (chromosomes)
23
Q
chromosomes
A
paired structures in nucleus containing genes (DNA double helix)
24
Q
DNA
A
stores genetic information that codes for proteins
25
4 bases for DNA
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (G&C/T&A)
26
RNA
dictates synthesis of proteins, regulates other genes, works with structures in ribosomes, manufactures proteins, transport amino acids to ribosomes
27
messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA that is read by ribosomes to build protein
28
protein
linear sequence of amino acids
29
transcription
synthesis of RNA at unwound section of DNA
30
codon
genetic information encoded in sequence in 3 nucleotide codes (adenine, guanine, cytosine, urasil)
31
translation RNA (tRNA)
information adapter molecule; direct interface between amino acid sequence of protein information in mRNA
32
gene
chemical unit of heredity
33
phenotype
physical appearance of organism; may or may not represent genotype or genetic constitution
34
genotype
total complement of inherited traits/genes of an organism
35
alleles
one member of a pair of genes (variation in genetic structure)
36
homozygous
having 2 identical genes/alleles in a pair of chromosomes (YY/yy)
37
heterozygous
having different genes or alleles in a pair of chromosomes (Yy)
38
dominant alleles
alleles of gene pair that is always phenotypically expressed in heterozygous form (capital letter is dominant)
39
recessive alleles
alleles of gene pair that is always phenotypically expressed in homozygous form
40
mutation
error or change in genetic code (randomly occurring; can be neutral, harmful, beneficial)
41
population genetics
random changes in gene pool overtime (reduces within population genetic variation, likely to affect small populations, increases between population genetic variation
42
gene flow
movement of genes between population
43
natural selection
mechanism of evolution
44
adoption
process: change in an organism which allows it to reproduce/survive in a new environment
feature: characteristic that performs function of utility or organism possessing it
45
antimicrobial resistance
threatens effective prevention and treatment of diseases; harmful and a threat to public health
46
macroevolution
large scale changes that extend over geological areas; associated with research on the formation of new taxonomic groups
47
cladistics
system of biological taxonomy based on quantitative analysis of comparative data that reconstructs phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of groups of organisms
48
steps for cladistics
1. chose taxa
2. group taxa by synapomorphies (derived shared characteristics)
49
cladogram
branching diagram used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships
50
ancestral/primitive traits
shared with out group
51
derived traits
shared with in group
52
crania
used to understand hominid evolution
53
palocene
- 65.6 - 55.8
- hot&humid / continents are stuck together and underwater
54
plesiadapiformes (palocene primate)
primate like mammals (small/nocturnal quadrupeds/eats insects and seeds/good sense of smell
- not primates due to phonetics (no postorbital bar&claws/eyes on side of head/large incisors
55
eocene
- 55.8 - 33.9
- temp dropped / longest epoch / climate changed / geographically stable
- primates had small brains (neither of these species are responsible for large brains in modern primates)
56
adapidae (eocene primate)
100 - 6900kg/diurnal&nocturnal/arboreal quadrupeds&leapers/ate fruit, insects, leaves/potentially evolved to lemurs
57
omomyidae (eocene primate)
45-2500g/diurnal&nocturnal/specialized leapers/teeth adapted to eat insects&fruit/ potentially led to tarsiers
58
oligocene
- 33.9 - 23.0
- geography changed/decrease in temp then increase
59
haplorhine (oligocene primate)
fused frontal bones/postorbital closure/fused mandibular symphasis
3 taxonomic groups: parapithecidae, propliopithecidae, platyrrhini
60
south american primates
appear during late oligocene; may have "rafted" over from africa
61
miocene
- 23.0 - 5.3
- 3 eras (late, middle, early)
- similar to current earth/declining temp/loss of forests
62
early miocene
- 23.0 - 16.0
- monkeys and apes confined to africa
63
middle miocene
- 16.0 - 11.6
- ape like catarrhines widespread in europe and asia
64
late miocene
- 11.6 - 5.3
- apes are rare due to global cooling and loss of forests
65
miocene hominids
- love africa because of warm temps
- some adapted to europe and asia, but some eventually returned to africa
- african apes = chimps/gorillas
= europe/asia apes = hominids
66
pliocene
- 5.3 - 1.8
- land moving/tectonic plates and volcanoes forming/temp fluctuation
- phylogenetic relationships are unresolved
67
fossil cercopithecidae
old world monkey
68
fossil colobinae
leaf eating monkey
69
transitional forms
- modifications of postcranial skeleton for bipedal locomotion
- shape/size of canines from sharp to duller
- expansion of brain
70
hominin
modern humans, chimps, and other species closely related to one another
71
morphological trends
- mosaic evolution (evolutionary changes in stages)
- bipedalism, increased brain size
- intelligence (bigger does not mean smarter)
- relative vs absolute
72
foramen magnum (quadrapedalism v bipedalism)
difference in position
73
pelvis (quadrapedalism v bipedalism)
different widths and position; affects motion
74
knees (quadrapedalism v bipedalism)
curved bones v tight into body
75
hallux (quadrapedalism v bipedalism)
toe shapes&foot shape
76
hands (quadrapedalism v bipedalism)
knuckle position (quadpedals have hands on the ground)
77
ribcage (quadrapedalism v bipedalism)
humans have barrel shaped ribs
78
brain size (hominin)
size increased 1.8m years ago/cannot grow further due to unavoidable birth complications (will not fit through birth canal)
79
hominin fossils
- early fossils in africa (teeth and fragments of upper/lower bones in ethiopia)
- ardipithecus ramidus and ardepithecis kadabba
- ape like traits (thin enamel)
hominin like traits (bipedalism)
80
australopithecus afarensis
- ethiopia and tanzania (4.2-3.0 million years ago)
- complex morphology and transitional forms
- single sexually dimorphic species or two species
- laetoli footprints: demonstrate bipedalism
- evidence: found the intact remains of a 3yo from 3.2 million years ago
81
australopithecus sediba
- malapa, south africe (1.98 million years ago)
- juvenile male (MH1) and afult female (MH2) remains found
- human like brain shape and size/tree climbing hands
82
homo habilis
- tanzania, kenya, ethiopia (2.3-1.6MYA)
- brain size and association with stone tools
earliest representative og human genus
83
homo rudolfensis
- koobi fora, kenya
- originally considered to be homo habilis
- very controversial
84
homo erectus
- asia and southeast asia
- brain and body size changed
- controlled use of fire and hunting
85
homo ergaster
- east and south africa
- evolved and stayed in africa
- thinner skull bones and enlarged superorbital foramen
86
homo heidelbergensis
- europe and africa (700-130 thousand years ago)
- small dentition, larger body and brain
87
homo antecessor
- spain (1.2MYA - 800 thousand)
- controversial (juvenile jaw/teeth)
1st european hominin
88
homo neanderthalensis
- europe and middle east
- bones have muscular attachments; athletic and strong
- used fire, stone tools, and hunted
- genetics of neanderthals (present in some humans)
89
homo naledi
- south africa (335-236 thousand years ago)
- small bodied with primitive features
90
homo floresiensis
- flores island, indonesia (95-13 thousand years ago)
- small brain with primitive and derived features
- a little over 1m tall; unique species
91
homo sapien
- africa (300 thousand years ago)
- controlled use of fire, hunting, and gathering
- cultural remains include complex stone tools
92
human origins
- replacement hypothesis (one wave of human dispersal from africa to the world; originally from african H. sapiens)
- multiregional hypothothesis (no wave of H. sapien replacement, H. erectus is most recent ancestor of modern humans)
93
denisova hominin
- denisova cave in russia
- finger bone and tooth found
- dna from bones = humans, neandertals, and denisova share ancestors (denisove and neandertals are sister groups)
- likely interbred with humans on southeast asia (at least 4x)
- found 13yo specimen with neandertal mother and denisovan father
94
do humans have race?
- biologically, No: despite diff skin color, there is only 1 specie of homo sapien
95
sexual variation: gender, sexual identity, biology
- XY (male) / XX (female) / trisonomy / pentasomy
- unisexual species
- oscalans: born as male then become female as reproduction age starts
96
medical anthropology
study of sickness and health in relation to culture, language, society
97
infectuous diseases
- co-evolution of humans/pathogens
- death rates between 1st world and 3rd world countries
98
antibiotics
- drug used for the prevention/treatment of sickness
- revolutionized medicine
99
antimicrobial resistance
- threatens prevention and treatment of infections
- overuse of antibiotics = bodies become used to it
100
vaccinations
- stimulate immune system to adapt to new pathogens and build resistance
- widespread/herd immunity: eradicates diseases
101
chronic disease
- non-reversible pathology
102
malnutrition and obesity
- lack of nutrients = underdevelopment
103
forensic anthropology
study that uses skeletal biology, osteology, and anatomy to identify age, sex, stature, and trauma
