Biology #1 cells

Question 1

What is the cell cycle? Purpose?

Answer 1

The process by which a cell grows, repairs, and duplicates its DNA before splitting into two identical cells.

Question 2

What is the product of the cell cycle?

Answer 2

Two daughter cells.

Question 3

Why does a cell go through the cell cycle?

Answer 3

Organism growth
Cellular repair
Replication

Question 4

What are the three phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 4

1. Interphase
2. Mitosis (PMAT)
3. Cytokinesis

Question 5

Interphase?

Answer 5

1st phase and longest phase, normal functions, rests, grows, stores energy, and duplicates (synthesizes) DNA

Question 6

What are the stages of interphase?

Answer 6

*G1 - rapid growth
*S (synthesis) - DNA (chromosomes) duplication
*G2 - cells preparing to be divided growth again

Question 7

Mitosis?

Answer 7

2nd phase contains 4 stages, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase, the nucleus and double-stranded chromosomes divide
*all appearing and disappearing is in Pro & Tel

Question 8

Prophase ~ mitosis?

Answer 8

Preparing DNA nucleus division
-nuclear membrane is breaking down
-DSC visible
-Spindle fibres forming and stretching across the cell

Question 9

Metaphase ~ Mitosis

Answer 9

M = (All DSC line up in the MIDDLE)
-spindle fibres grab/attach onto the centromeres

Question 10

Anaphase ~ Mitosis

Answer 10

A = (Apart, away,)
-SF begins to shorten, which pulls the DSC apart creating single-stranded chromosomes (Chromatid) that move away from the centromere
-sister chromatids pull apart and MOVE to opposite poles (ends) of the cell

Question 11

Telophase ~ Mitosis

Answer 11

-2 nuclei in 1 cell
-chromosomes at different sides of cell
- Nuclear membrane rebuilds around the chromo
-SF disappear
- Chromo begin to loosen

Question 12

Cytokinesis

Answer 12

last stage, the cytoplasm completely divides to create two genetically identical cells (daughter cells)

Question 13

What are the structures involved in the cell cycle?

CccccSFnnn

Answer 13

Chromosomes
Centrioles
Spindle Fibres
Centromere
Nucleus
Nuclear Membrane
Nucleolus
Cleavage Furrow
Cell Plate

Question 14

Chromosomes

Answer 14

DNA = single (chromatid) & double-stranded, at rest interphase (chromatin)

Question 15

Explain how the cell cycle supports the cell theory.

Answer 15

The theory is that all cells come from a pre-made cell, and the cell cycle is evident as it needs a of cell to divide

Question 16

Centrioles

Answer 16

send out spindle fibres (button)

Question 17

What is the difference between a plant cell and an animal cell during the cell cycle?

Answer 17

-Plant cells have no centrioles but spindle fibres and form a cell plate during cytokinesis
-Animal cells form a cleavage furrow.

Question 18

Spindle Fibres

Answer 18

attach to the centromere and pull DSC to single

Question 19

What is cancer?

Answer 19

A disease in which uncontrolled cell division creates a clump of cells known as a tumour

Question 20

Centromere

Answer 20

Connect the DSC in the middle

Question 21

What is the difference between a normal cell and a cancerous cell?

Answer 21

-Normal cells have a single nucleus, fine chromatin, and large cytoplasm
-Cancerous cells have multiple nuclei, coarse chromatin, and small cytoplasm

Question 22

Nucleus Membrane

Answer 22

acts as a barrier and protects nucleus

Question 23

What allows cancerous cells to grow faster than regular cells?

Answer 23

Cancerous cells grow quickly and physically crowd the surrounding cells

Question 24

Nucleolus

Answer 24

Interphase meatball

Question 25

What is a tumour?

Answer 25

An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells divide uncontrollably.

Question 26

Cleavage Furrow

Answer 26

pinches between 2 cells to create 2 (telophase)

Question 27

What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumour?

Answer 27

-Benign: grows quickly, non-cancerous, does not spread -Malignant: (Maliousious) grows quickly, cancerous, can invade nearby tissues, interrupting normal function

Question 28

Cell Plate

Answer 28

forms between 2 cells (plant), develop into cell wall

Question 29

What danger do all tumors present?

Answer 29

They can disrupt normal bodily functions and use up all nutrients and oxygen, leaving healthy cells not survive

Question 30

What are the most common causes of cancer?

Answer 30

*errors in replicating the cells' DNA *environmental exposures (UV rays) *lifestyle choices (use of tobacco)

Question 31

What are the three most common cancer treatments?

Answer 31

-Surgery -Radiation therapy -Chemotherapy

Question 32

Surgery treatment

Answer 32

Effective for benign tumours, surgically removing tumours *can risk death during procedure

Question 33

Radiation treatment

Answer 33

Uses radiation energy to damage cancer cells to prevent them from preproduction. *Has to be carefully aimed as it could cause harm to healthy cells

Question 34

Chemotherapy treatment?

Answer 34

Combination of drugs taken orally or injected into the body *Hair-making cells are the first healthy cells targeted and respond to the chemotherapy

Question 35

Biopsy

Answer 35

Taking a clump of living cells and checking for irregularities

Question 36

What is meiosis?

Answer 36

A cellular process creating reproductive cells known as gametes.

Question 37

What is the purpose of meiosis?

Answer 37

Create reproductive cells known as gametes (sperm and eggs) for sexual reproduction.

Question 38

What is the product of meiosis?

Answer 38

Four genetically diverse haploid cells.

Question 39

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 39

Mitosis: produces two identical diploid cell, regular and somatic Meiosis: produces four genetically diverse haploid cells, reproductive and gametes

Question 40

Formulas

Answer 40

*Somatic cells* -Mitosis: 1x -Interphase: 2x -Meiosis: ÷2 *Gametes cells* half of the number so u add it all together ie: Gamete cell - 12 interphase: 48 mitosis: 24 meiosis: 12