Biology 1 Chapter 3 Flashcards

(60 cards)

1
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The chemistry of living organisms

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2
Q

Inorganic chemistry

A

The chemistry of nonliving matter

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3
Q

Biomolecules

A

Living organisms contain only 4 classes of organic molecules: Carbohydrates , Lipids , Proteins, And nucleic acids.

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4
Q

Functional group

A

Specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way Regardless of the carbon skeleton to which it is attached

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5
Q

Isomer

A

Organic molecule that has identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of atoms

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6
Q

Polymer

A

The carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids are referred to as polymers Because they are constructed by linking together a large number of the same type of sub unit called Because they are constructed by linking together a large number of the same type of sub unit called a monomer.

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7
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

To build or synthesize a To build or synthesize a macromolecule theTo build or synthesize a macromolecule the cell uses a Condensation reaction in which sub units are joined to form a larger structure.

The equivalent of a water molecule is removed as sub units are joined

Therefore water molecules are formed as biomolecules are synthesized

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8
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

An OH group from water Attaches to 1 sub unit and an H. from water attaches to the other sub unit

Hydrolytic reactions break down molecules by adding water to them

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9
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Almost universally used as an immediate energy source in living organisms

They can also be used as structural materials Within some living organisms

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10
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Consist of only a single sugar molecule And are commonly called simple sugars

They can have a carbon backbone of 3-7 carbons

Monosaccharides are soluble in water

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11
Q

Glucose

A

Glucose has a molecular formula of C6H1206
Glucose has several isomers such as fructose and galactose
Glucose is a monosaccharide
Glucose is the molecule that is broken down and converted into stored chemical energy (ATP) During cellular respiration in nearly all types of organisms

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12
Q

Ribose and deoxyribose

A

Both are monosaccharides
They make up the structural backbone in the nucleic acids RNA & DNA

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13
Q

Disaccharide

A

Contains 2 monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration reaction
Sucrose , Lactose , and Maltose are all examples

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14
Q

Polysaccharides - Energy storage molecules

A

Are long polymers of Are long polymers of monosaccharidesmonosaccharides
Due to their length they are also Referred to as complex carbohydrates_

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15
Q

Structural polysaccharides

A

Includes cellulose in plants, chitin In animals and fungi, And peptidoglycan In bacteria.
The monomer for Cellulose Is glucose
The monomer for Chiron is An attached amino group
The structure of peptidoglycan is even more complex , With each monomer containing an amino acid chain

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16
Q

Lipids

A

These compounds are insoluble in water due to their hydrocarbon chains. Hydrogens bonded only to carbon are non-polar and have no tendency to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

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17
Q

Triglycerides: Long-term energy storage

A

This includes fats in animals and oils in plants

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18
Q

Fatty acid

A

Consists of a long hydrocarbon chain with an even number of carbons and a COOH carboxyl group at 1 end

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19
Q

Fatty acid

A

Consists of a long hydrocarbon chain with an even number of carbons and a COOH carboxyl group at 1 end

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20
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

Lack double bonds between the carbon atoms and contain as many hydrogens as they can hold

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21
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Have double bonds in the carbon chain which reduces the number of bonded hydrogen atoms

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22
Q

Trans fat

A

A triglyceride that has at least 1 bond in a trans configuration

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23
Q

Trans fat

A

A triglyceride that has at least 1 bond in a trans configuration

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24
Q

Glycerol

A

Is a 3 carbon compound with 3OH groups That make it polar And glycerol is soluble in water

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25
Glycerol
Is a 3 carbon compound with 3OH groups That make it polar And glycerol is soluble in water
26
Phospholipids (Are membrane components)
Are Are basically triglycerides Except that in place of the 3rd fatty acid attached to glycerol There is a polar phosphate groupbasically. This portion of the molecule becomes the polar head while the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids become the non-polar tails
27
Phospholipids (
Are Are basically triglycerides Except that in place of the 3rd fatty acid attached to glycerol There is a polar phosphate groupbasically. This portion of the molecule becomes the polar head while the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids become the non-polar tails The plasma membrane that surrounds cells consists primarily of a phospholipid bilayer. A plasma membrane is essential to the structure and function of a cell Which sign signifies the importance Of phospholipids to living organisms.
28
Steroids—4 fused rings
Steroids areSteroids are lipids with structures that are Entirely different from those of Entirely different from those of triglycerides and phospholipids. Steroids have skeletons of 4 fused carbon rings
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Steroids—4 fused rings
Steroids areSteroids are lipids with structures that are Entirely different from those of Entirely different from those of triglycerides and phospholipids.
30
Cholesterol
Is an essential Component of an animal cell's plasma membrane Where it provides physical stability Cholesterol is aa Precursor Of several other steroids
31
Waxes
Long chain fatty acids are connected to carbon chains containing alcohol functional groups
32
Proteins
Are the primary importance to the structure and function of cells Proteins are used for metabolism, Structural support (As in hair nails ligaments tendons and skin), Transport By carrier proteins in the plasma membrane, Defense in the form of antibodies, And regulation Buy some hormones that are protein based structures (ex. Insulin And growth hormone. They are also used in motion With contractile proteins Actin and myosin which cause the muscles to contract.
33
Proteins
Are the primary importance to the structure and function of cells Proteins are used for metabolism, Structural support (As in hair nails ligaments tendons and skin), Transport By carrier proteins in the plasma membrane, Defense in the form of antibodies, And regulation Buy some hormones that are protein based structures (ex. Insulin And growth hormone. They are also used in motion With contractile proteins Actin and myosin which cause the muscles to contract.
34
Amino acids — protein monomers
Proteins are polymers constructed from amino acid monomers. The name amino acid is used because 1 of the functional groups in the amino acid is NH2, An amino group, And the other Is COOH, An acidic group.
35
Peptide bond
Amino acids are linked by dehydration reactions that connect the carboxyl groupgroup Of 1 amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid. The resulting covalent bond between 2 amino acids is called a peptide bond
36
Peptide bond
Amino acids are linked by dehydration reactions That connect the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid. The resulting Covalent bond between 2 amino acids is called a Peptide bond. The atoms associated with the peptide bond share the electrons unevenly.
37
Peptide bond
Amino acids are linked by dehydration reactions That connect the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid. The resulting Covalent bond between 2 amino acids is called a Peptide bond. The atoms associated with the peptide bond share the electrons unevenly.
38
Peptide
Is 2 or more amino acids bonded together
39
Polypeptide
Is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds
40
Polypeptide
Is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds
41
Polypeptide
Is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds
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Polypeptide
Is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds
43
Shape of proteins
Proteins may have up to 4 levels of structural organization Which include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
44
Primary structure
Is the linear sequence of amino acids
45
Secondary structure
Occurs when the polypeptide coils or folds in a particular way
46
Tertiary structure
Is the folding that results in the final three dimensional shape of a poly peptide. Globular proteins which tend to ball up into round shapes, have tertiary structure, and most enzymes are globular proteins .
47
Denatured
When a protein loses its natural shape. An organism can die if this happens to too many of it cells.
48
Quaternary structure
Some proteins have a quinary structure because they consist of more than one polypeptide. A protein can only have two poly peptides and still have a quaternary structure .
49
Prions
Miss folded proteins that caused other proteins of the same type to fold the wrong way as well.
50
Nucleic acids
Are composed of nucleotides and have the ability to store information, including the instructions for life, and conduct chemical reactions.
51
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
Is one type of nucleic acid that not only stores information about how to copy or replicate itself but also specifies the order in which amino acids are to be joined to make a protein
52
RNA – Ribonucleic acid
Another diverse type of nucleic acid that has multiple uses.
53
mRNA - messenger RNA
Is a temporary copy of a gene in the DNA that specifies what the amino acid sequence will be during the process of protein synthesis
54
tRNA - transfer RNA
Is also necessary and synthesizing proteins, and helps translate the sequence of nucleic acids in a gene into the correct sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis
55
Coenzymes
Non-protein, organic molecules that help regulate enzymatic reactions
56
ATP - adenosine triphosphate
Is a nucleotide that stores large amounts of energy needed for cellular reactions and for various other energy requiring processes in the cell
57
Nucleotide
Is comprised of three types of molecules. A pentose sugar, a phosphate (phosphoric acid), And a nitrogen containing base
58
Complementary base pairing
The bases can be in any order within a strand, but between strands, thymine (T) is always paired with adenine (A), and guanine (G) is always paired with cytosine (C).
59
ATP – adenosine triphosphate
Is a nucleotide comprised of adenine and ribose (adenosine) and three phosphates (triphosphate).
60
ADP – adenosine diphosphate
In cells hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate bond produces the molecule ADP, a phosphate molecule, and lots of energy used for cellular work