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From Flashcardlet > Biology 10 > Flashcards

Biology 10 Flashcards

0
Q

what is the simplistic definition of photosynthesis

A

glucose is created by using energy from sunlight

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1
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

the conversion of the kinetic energy of light to the potential energy in the covalent bonds of organic compounds

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2
Q

what is an autotroph

A

an organism that can live off of photosynthesis

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3
Q

name an autotroph

A

plants

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4
Q

what is a photoautotroph

A

plants. they make organic molecules from water and CO2

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5
Q

_____are the producers of the biosphere

A

autotrophs

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6
Q

give an example of a heterotroph

A

animals

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7
Q

what is a heterotroph

A

an organism that needs food created from autotrophs

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8
Q

______are the consumers of the biosphere

A

heterotrophs

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9
Q

photosynthesis occurs in______

A

plants, algae, some protists, some prokaryotes

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10
Q

what is the major site of photosynthesis

A

the leaves

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11
Q

what organelle does photosynthesis occur in

A

chloroplasts

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12
Q

how many membranes does a chloroplast have

A

two: inner and outer

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13
Q

what is the fluid in a chloroplast called

A

stroma

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14
Q

what makes up stroma

A

proteins, DNA, ribosomes

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15
Q

what are thylakoids

A

flat disk stacks in a chloroplast

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16
Q

what is a stack of thylakoids called

A

granum

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17
Q

how are grana connected

A

interconnected membranes

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18
Q

what are the two phases of photosynthesis

A

light reactions

Calvin cycle

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19
Q

whats another name for the Calvin cycle

A

light-independent reactions

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20
Q

where do light reactions occur

A

thylakoid membranes

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21
Q

what is the first step of light reactions

A

absorbance of light

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22
Q

what absorbs light in light reactions

A

pigment molecules embedded in the membranes

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23
Q

what are the pigments that absorb light

A

chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
carotenoids
xanophils

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24
Q

what colour do chlorophylls absorb

A

red and blue light

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25
Q

what colour are chlorophylls

A

they transmit green light they do not absorb it

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26
Q

what do accessory pigments do

A

absorb additional wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum

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27
Q

what colours do carotenoids absorb

A

blue and blue-green

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28
Q

what colour do carotenoids appear

A

transmit yellow and orange light

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29
Q

what colour is xanthophyll

A

yellow

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30
Q

what colour is carotene

A

orange

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31
Q

why do leaves appear green

A

there is more chlorophylls than accessory pigments

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32
Q

why do leave colours change to reds

A

chlorophyll dies revealing carotenoids

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33
Q

what specific pigment makes leaves red in the fall

A

anthocyanin

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34
Q

whats important about the chlorophyll molecules structure

A

it has a hydrocarbon tail that is hydrophobic and it anchors the molecule in the thylakoid membrane

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35
Q

what part of the structure of chlorophyll is responsible for absorbing light

A

the heme ring because it contains an atom of magnesium

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36
Q

how many types of chlorophyll are there

A

four

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37
Q

chlorophylls function with accessory pigments in a complex called _____

A

antenna system

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38
Q

what is at the center of the antenna system

A

a pair of chlorophyll a molecules

the reaction center

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39
Q

what surrounds the reaction center

A

300 accessory pigments

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40
Q

what is the purpose of the 300 accessory pigments

A

they act as doors for the reaction center. 300 doors and one room

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41
Q

what happens to an electron in a molecule when it absorbs a photon

A

it gains the photons energy

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42
Q

an electron starts in ______ then a photon sends it to _____

A

ground, excited

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43
Q

photosystem 2 does what

A

absorbs light of wavelength 680

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44
Q

what does photosystem 1 do

A

absorbs light of wavelength 700nm

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45
Q

what abbreviated things are involved in light reactions

A

NADPH

ATP

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46
Q

what attaches light and dark reactions

A

electron transport chains

47
Q

what attaches dark reactions to NADP+

A

electron transport chain

48
Q

what type of reaction is noncyclic

A

light reactions

49
Q

what are the three parts of a photosystem

A

antenna system
reaction center
primary electron acceptor

50
Q

in exciting an electron, the energy from the photon does what to the electron

A

boosts it to another shell

51
Q

the energy of photons is passed to what

A

electrons in the pair of chlorophylls at the reaction center

52
Q

what happens to electrons once they are at the chlorophyll molecule

A

they are ejected

53
Q

onceelectrons are ejected from chlorophyll what happens next

A

thy are passed to an electron acceptor

54
Q

what happens to chlorophylls when electrons are ejected

A

chlorophylls are oxidized

55
Q

what happens to electron acceptors when electrons are sent there

A

they are reduced

56
Q

in conversion from ground state to excited state the chlorophylls become _____ and the electron acceptors become _____

A

oxidized, reduced

57
Q

where do light and dark reactions take place in the cell

A

in the thylakoid membrane

58
Q

after electron acceptors have been reduced the excited electrons are passed through what

A

a series of electron carriers embedded in the thylakoid membrane

59
Q

what is the final electron acceptor (ground-excited state)

A

NADP+

60
Q

what is NADPH

A

carrier of high energy electrons

61
Q

in photosynthesis, electrons are transported from _____ to ____

A

chlorophyll, NADP+

62
Q

what is NADP+ in comparison to NAD+

A

addition of a phosphate group

63
Q

what are the two types of electron flow in photosynthesis

A

noncyclic electron transport

cyclic electron transport

64
Q

which type of flow of electrons produces more ATP

A

cyclic electron transport

65
Q

what are the two types of antenna systems in noncyclic electron transport

A

photosystem 1

photosystem 2

66
Q

what is the function of photosystem 1 in noncyclic

A

light energy to reduce NADP+ to NADPH

67
Q

what is the function of photosystem 2 in noncyclic

A

light energy to oxidize water molecules to produce protons and O2

68
Q

what is the model called for the way photosystem 1 and 2 interact

A

Z scheme

69
Q

which photosystem comes first in the z scheme

A

photosystem 2

70
Q

where does the z scheme occur

A

in the thylakoid

71
Q

what is the first step in the z scheme

A

photons absorbed by antenna complexes then passed to the chlorophylls at their reaction center

72
Q

what is the second step in the z scheme

A

energy of photon absorbed by electron of P1 exciting it then the electrons are ejected from the chlorophyll

73
Q

what is the third step of the z scheme

A

excited electrons passed to an electron acceptor then pass through a series of electron carriers in the thylakoid membrane

74
Q

what is the forth step in the z scheme

A

electrons flow through electron transport chain so ATP is produced by chemiosmosis

75
Q

how is ATP produced in the z scheme

A

chemiosmosis

76
Q

what is the fifth step of the z scheme

A

photons absorbed by antenna complex of P1 exciting electrons ejected from P2

77
Q

what happens to electrons after they are passed through electron carriers

A

embedded in thylakoid membrane to the enzyme NADP+ reductase

78
Q

what is the enzyme of NADP+ called

A

NADP+ reductase

79
Q

what does NADP+ do to electrons

A

gives a pair of electrons to NADP+ reducing it to NADPH

80
Q

what accepts hydrogen ions in the z scheme

A

NADP+

81
Q

what happens to water at photosystem 2

A

water is split

82
Q

what is the transfer of electrons in photosynthesis

A 
from water (electron donor)
to NADP+ (electron acceptor)
83
Q

when electrons are transferred from water the ultimate electron is what

A

donor

84
Q

when electrons are transferred to NADP+ the ultimate electron is what

A

acceptor

85
Q

by what mechanism does photosynthesis create ATP

A

chemiosmosis

86
Q

by what mechanism do chloroplasts and mitochondria create ATP

A

chemiosmosis

87
Q

redox reactions of electron transport chain generates_____

A

a H+ gradient across a membrane

88
Q

how does ATP synthase make ATP

A

proton motive force

89
Q

during electron transport between P2 and P1, hydrogen ions_____

A

are pumped into the space inside the thylakoid

90
Q

what happens to hydrogen ions due to ATP synthase

A

hydrogen ions flow back into the stroma

91
Q

hydrogen ions being pumped into the thylakoid creates what

A

hydrogen ion gradient with higher concentration inside the thylakoid

92
Q

what is the proton motive force

A

imbalance of hydrogen ion concentration

93
Q

how can hydrogen ions pass back into the stroma

A

through ATP synthase

94
Q

what is the end product of ATP synthase

A

oxygen

95
Q

what are the inputs for light reactions

A

H2O, NADP+, ADP+P

96
Q

what are the outputs of light reactions

A

O2, NADPH, ATP

97
Q

what are the inputs for the Calvin cycle

A

CO2(from atmosphere), ATP and NADPH(from light reactions)

98
Q

the flow of hydrogen ions through the ATP synthase is______to the synthesis of ATP

A

coupled

99
Q

what is the power to convert CO2 in light independent reactions

A

ATP and NADPH

100
Q

light reactions are _______in the stroma

A

catalyzed by enzymes

101
Q

how is ATP and NADPH made in light reactions

A

using energy of sunlight

102
Q

what powers the synthesis of glucose from CO2 in light independent reactions

A

ATP and NADPH

103
Q

what are the three phases of the Calvin cycle

A

fixation of CO2
reduction of 3PG to G3P
regeneration of RuBP

104
Q

G3P + G3P =

A

glucose

105
Q

what is the name of G3P

A

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

106
Q

what is the name of RuBP

A

ribulose biphosphate

107
Q

what do ATP’s provide

A

energy available for work

108
Q

where do light reactions take place

A

thylakoid membranes

109
Q

chlorophylls and accessory pigments____

A

absorb photons of light

110
Q

____is captured from the atmosphere and attached to ____ to make____

A

CO2, RuBP, 6-C compound

111
Q

what happens to the 6-C compound

A

splits into two 3-C 3PG molecules

112
Q

___ and ___ are used to convert 3PG to G3P

A

ATP, NADPH

113
Q

some G3P is used to make___

A

glucose

114
Q

what is most of G3P used for

A

regenerate RuBP

From Flashcardlet (23 decks)

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