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biology 100 Flashcards

chapter 3 pt 1 (66 cards)

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1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. cell is smallest unit of life
  2. cells make up all living things
  3. new cells can only arise from preexisting cells
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2
Q

Two basic types of cells

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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3
Q

Features of Prokaryotic cell

A

Limited to bacteria and archaea
smaller and simpler
lack membrane bound organelles
DNA located in cytoplasm

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4
Q

Features of Eukaryotic cells

A

Plants, animals, fungi, and protists
has membrane bound organelles
well defined nucleus
DNA in nucleus

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5
Q

Organelle

A

component within a cell that carries out specific functions

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6
Q

surface-to-volume ratio

A

As a cell gets larger its surface area increases much more slowly than its volume.

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7
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Outer surface of cell

Regulates movement of materials in and out of cell

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8
Q

The plasma membrane is made of ______, ______, and ________.

A

lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

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9
Q

extracellular fluid

A

the watery solution outside cells

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10
Q

cytoplasm

A

The part of the cell that includes the aqueous fluid within the cell and all the organelles with the exception of the nucleus

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11
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane

A
  • maintain structural integrity of the cell
  • regulates movement of substances in and out of cell
  • provide recognition between cells
  • provide communication between cells
  • stick cells together to form tissues and organs
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12
Q

selectively permeable

A

regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, permitting entry to some substances but not to others

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13
Q

Cell adhesion molecules CAMs

A

extend from the plasma membranes of most cells and help attach the cells to one another

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14
Q

simple diffusion

A

the random movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

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15
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in the relative number of molecules or ions of a given substance in two adjacent areas

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16
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration with the aid of a membrane protein that acts as a channel or carrier protein

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17
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water from a region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration

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18
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules from region of lower concentration to region of higher concentration with the aid of a carrier protein and energy, usually ATP

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19
Q

Endocytosis

A

process by which materials are engulfed by the plasma membrane and drawn into the cell in a vesicle

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20
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process by which a membrane bound vesicle from inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane and spills contents outside the cell

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21
Q

vesicle

A

a membrane bound sac formed during endocytosis

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22
Q

phagocytosis

A

“cell eating”

cell engulfs large particles or bacteria

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23
Q

pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking”

cell engulfs droplets of fluid and the substances dissolved in the droplet into the cell

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24
Q

nucleus

A

contains almost all of the cell’s genetic information

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25
nuclear envelope
a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm
26
nuclear pores
openings in the nuclear envelope where communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm occurs
27
chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA and associated proteins
28
ribosomes | free/bound
the site where protein synthesis occurs in a cell | suspended in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER
29
endoplasmic reticulum
an extensive network of channels connected to the nuclear envelope and certain organelles
30
RER
has ribosomes attached to its surface and modifies proteins made by the ribosomes
31
SER
lacks ribosomes detoxifies alcohol and other drugs produces phospholipids for incorporation in the membrane
32
Golgi complex
series of interconnected flattened membranous sacs | cell's protein processing and packaging center
33
lysosome
digests substances brought into cell and destroys old parts of cells
34
mitochondria
sites of energy conversion in the cell | where most of cellular respiration occurs
35
mitochondria have a _______ membrane.
double
36
Mitochondria contain _______ and a small percentage of a cell's total ________.
ribosomes | DNA
37
cytoskeleton and 3 types
complex network of fibers microtubules microfilaments intermediate filaments
38
microtubules and functions
straight hollow rods made of the protein tubulin - maintain cell shape - form tracks on which organelles or vesicles move - serve as working parts of cilia and flagella
39
centrioles
- composed of 9 sets of 3 microtubules | - function in cell division and the formation of cilia and flagella
40
microfilaments
solid rods made of the protein actin. | plays a roles in muscle contraction and cell division
41
intermediate filaments
diverse group of ropelike fibers that maintain cell shape and anchor certain organelles in place. (protein composition varies)
42
All the chemical reactions that take place in a cell
metabolism
43
catabolic pathways
complex molecules, such as carbohydrates, are broken down into simpler compounds releasing energy
44
anabolic pathways
build complex molecules from simpler ones and consume energy
45
cellular respiration
oxygen requiring pathway by which cells break down glucose
46
Cellular respiration is an elaborate series of chemical reactions whose final products are _______, ________, and ________.
carbon dioxide waters energy
47
phases of cellular respiration
1. glycolysis 2. transition reaction 3. citric acid cycle 4. electron transport chain
48
glycolysis
(sugar-splitting) | begins with the splitting of a six-carbon sugar into 2 three-carbon sugars
49
During glycolysis three-carbon sugars are converted into two molecules of _____.
pyruvate
50
In preparation for glucose splitting ___ molecules of ______ are consumed.
2, ATP
51
Products of glycolysis
2 pyruvates 4 ATP 2 NADH
52
NADH
nicotine adenine dinucleotide | carrier of high energy electrons
53
glycolysis does not require ________ and occurs in the _________.
oxygen | cytoplasm
54
transition reaction
once inside the mitochondria, pyruvate reacts with coenzyme A (CoA)
55
acetyl group
resulting two-carbon molecule when one carbon is removed in the form of CO2 (during transition reaction)
56
acetyl CoA
- formed when acetyl group binds with CoA | - high-energy fuel molecule that will enter the citric acid cycle
57
Per pyruvate - product
CO2 waste NADH Acetyl CoA
58
citric acid cycle
cyclic series of eight chemical reactions by which acetyl CoA is broken down
59
citric acid cycle - each acetyl CoA product
2 CO2 waste 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2
60
electron transport chain
electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed from one carrier protein to the next releasing energy for ATP synthesis
61
the final electron acceptor
oxygen
62
electron transport chain product
32 ATP | water
63
fermentation
breakdown of glucose without oxygen
64
final electron acceptor in fermentation
pyruvate or a pyruvate derivative
65
fermentation product
nets 2 ATP
66
lactic acid fermentation
occurs in muscles during strenuous exercise, oxygen in muscles runs low

Biology 100 (1 decks)

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