Biology Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
What classifies class Insecta?
A
segmented bodies, jointed legs, and external skeletons (exoskeletons)
2
Q
What are some biotic factors
A
Parasitism, Mutalism, Commensalism
3
Q
What are some biotic factors?
A
Parasitism, Mutualism, Commensalism
4
Q
What is a food chain?
A
a series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food
5
Q
Why is only 10% of energy transferred from one trophic level to another?
A
most is lost as heat during the process of respiration
6
Q
What does non-biodegradable mean?
A
not capable of being broken down by the action of living organisms
7
Q
Why are coral reefs in the Caribbean at risk?
A
Overfishing/ Since it is a tourist attraction
8
Q
Which TWO feeding relationships cause hard?
A
Parasitism and Predation
9
Q
What is most important for biodegradation?
A
Bacteria
10
Q
Characteristics of decomposers
A
Release nutrients for recycling, more abundant in moist places, prevent accumulation of dead organic matter
11
Q
What is the MAIN purpose of recycling?
A
To save raw materials
12
Q
What does a muscle cell contain more of when compared to a cheek cell?
A
Mitochondria
13
Q
What does nicotine do?
A
Increases heart rate
14
Q
Characteristics of the xylem
A
non-living, lignified walls for support, transports water and salts
15
Q
K and Ca2+ is important for….
A
Blood clotting
16
Q
What is artificial immunity?
A
Intentional exposure to pathogens
17
Q
Why is there no glucose in urine?
A
Selective absorption
18
Q
THREE examples of excretion in plants
A
CO2 through stomata, substances stored in bark, calcium oxalate crystals when leaf falls
19
Q
What is the endosperm?
A
Food store for the plant
20
Q
What is AIDs?
A
A bacterium, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body’s ability to fight infection and disease.
21
Q
How can AIDs be treated?
A
Penicillin: a commonly used antibiotic that is used to treat a number of bacterial infections
22
Q
How can AIDs be prevented?
A
Absistence/ Condoms
23
Q
What does a pathogen do?
A
It causes disease
24
Q
What is a vector?
A
An animal transporting disease and is unaffected
25
Consequences of disease
Productivity loss, absenteeism, larger budget spent of meds/hospital supplies
26
Applying a layer of oil on the surface of water is done for what reason
Control mosquito population since the oil stops pupa from getting air
27
If a plant gets a disease why might the surrounding plants die also
Since there is NO genetic variation the entirety of the plant species might die
28
What is a chromosome?
structure made of DNA, wrapped in histones
29
Characteristics of meiosis
Random assortment of genes, crossing over chromosomes, genetic recombination of allels
30
Blood group AB + AB produces what percentage of each possibility
AB = 25%, A=25%, B=25%, O=25%
31
What is the FINAL stage of meiosis
Crossing over of homologous chromosomes
32
Species consist of members that..
interbreed with each other under natural conditions
33
Features of natural selection
Variation is generational, overproduction of offspring, competition for food
34
What is involved in Insulin production by genetic engineering?
Transfer of human insulin gene to a bacterium, a vector to transfer insulin gene, production of insulin by the bacterium
35
What gas does not contribute to the greenhouse effect?
Carbon Monoxide
36
Does autotrophic nutrition occur in a zooplankton
No
37
Why is food stored in the build of an onion plant?
To provide for the growth of new plants from bulbs
38
Where is the control of heartbeat and respiration located?
Medulla
39
Why is haemophilia seen more in men?
It is caused by an 'r' or a 'x' chromosome, there is only one x chromosome in males, woman have 2 'x' chromosomes so the 'r' can be dominanted by 'R'
40
Difference of insects to arthropods
Number of legs
41
What type of factors are organisms affected by and what are some examples?
Abiotic factors (pH, soil, minerals, sunlight)
42
Which organisms are at the second trophic level?
Herbivores
43
What is commensalism?
association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm
44
How to conserve and restore an ecosystem?
Restricting hunting season, planting mangroves
45
What is a short definition on the role of respiration?
Release of energy
46
After absorption in the -----, glucose is converted into ----- by the -----
Ileum, glycogen, liver/muscles
47
Which part of the teeth is sensitive to temp.
Dentine
48
Describe what occurs to the ribs when you inhale?
Ribs move up and out
49
Transport substances in animals?
Amino acids, hormones
50
What can happen if excretory products accumulate?
It can poison someones
51
How do thorns affect transpiration?
Thorns reduce the rate of transpiration
52
What is stimulus?
Change in environment
53
What is pollination?
the transfer of pollen to a stigma, ovule, flower, or plant to allow fertilization.
54
What is the amnion?
a membrane that covers the baby
55
Decrease in food prices is a consequence of...
disease
56
What is the most effective birth control method
Tubal ligation
57
What is genetics?
a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms
58
A plant that has few leaves with no chlorophyll, no proper root system, and flowers abundantly can be found
living parasitically on another plant
59
Which organisms have the least amount of energy available?
carnivores (secondary consumers)
60
Which type of bacteria is important in returning nitrogen into the atmosphere?
Denitrifying bacteria
61
Site of anaerobic respiration
Mitochondria
62
Products of photosynthesis
Oxygen/ glucose
63
Why are fungi NOT autotrophs
they have no chloroplasts, they can only use the energy stored in organic compounds
64
Why can't enzymes work at high temperatures?
High temperatures denature the proteins of enzymes
65
What indicates nitrogen deficiency in a plant?
Yellowing leaves
66
Function of HCl in stomach
helps your body to break down, digest, and absorb nutrients such as protein
67
The right ventricle collects blood from
right atrium
68
Conditions for a high transpiration rate
High wind speed and sunny
69
Where is urine emptied in the kidney?
passes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney
70
Organs MOST affected when the pituitary gland is malfunctioning
Skin/Brain/Reproductive Organs
71
Function of cartilage
Increases flexibility
72
Describe movement in plants
Irreversible, growth movement
73
What is locomotion?
the ability to move
74
Locomotion is not the same as movement, all animals move, but not all animals locomote. Explain.
locomotion is defined as movement that results in progression from one place to another. Animals that spend all or nearly all their entire adult life in one place are called sessile
75
Why do woodlice prefer damp environments?
They are prone to losing water easily via evaporation due to their outer skin being very permeable. This is why they prefer to remain in damp environments
76
Why do woodlice prefer dark conditions?
So moisture cannot disappear due to light
77
The main parts of the brain involved with memory are
the amygdala, the hippocampus, (the cerebellum)
78
Which hormone allows someones to show enhanced strength or ability in an emergency?
Adrenaline
79
Structures involved in temperature regulation
Sweat glands of the dermis, capillaries (blood vessel), erector muscle
80
Function of the choroid layer in the eye
Maintain shape and provide nutrients for the retina
81
What is moulting?
shed old feathers, hair, or skin to make way for a new growth
82
What it the correct order of the following:
- repair of the uterus lining
- ovulation
- shredding of the uterus lining
- development of the Graafian follicle
- development of the Graafian follicle
- shredding of the uterus lining
- ovulation
- repair of the uterus lining
83
What part of the flower is responsible for making male gametes?
Anthers
84
Small, light, odorless and smooth pollen grains are carried by
Wind
85
Purpose of contraception
Contraception aims to prevent pregnancy, stop sperm from fertilizing an egg
86
Where does meiosis occur?
In a developing embryo
87
Ecological implications of genetic engineering
Loss of biodiversity
88
How can hypertension be treated/controlled
Low salt intake and exercise
89
Why is abuse of prescription drugs considered a disease?
It affects the functioning of the body
90
Signs of AIDS
Skin rashes, weight loss, tiredness, night sweats, sores, diarrhea
91
What kind of immunity is being given antiserum?
Natural active immunity
92
What is a community?
A group of different organisms living in the same place at the same time is known as a
93
The mark, release, capture technique can be described as
capture a small number of individuals, put a harmless mark on them, and release them back into the population. ... Mark more individuals and try again. The marking technique must not harm the individual or affect its survival by predation
94
Name some example of renewable energy
Solar, wind, biomass
95
Practices that help conserve the environment
Crop rotation, reafforestation, using natural fertilizers
96
What would be the effect of the air if trees in a specific area were 'wiped out'?
CO2 would increase
97
What is the net venation of a leaf
Netted venation is a form of leaf venation composed of veins arranged in a net-like pattern
98
What is specialization?
Variation in cellular structure found in any organism
99
What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
100
What is the balanced chemical equation for respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
101
Which parts of a flowering plant contain chloroplasts?
Mesophyll layer, guard cells
102
Poor night vision and bleeding gums are indications that an individual lacks
Vitamin C and A
103
Part of the gut which bile empties
Duodenum
104
Features associated with the diffusion of gases
thin wall surfaces, good blood supply, always moist, large surface area
105
Apparatus and material needed for the experiment for aerobic respiration
Air, soda lime, lime water (calcium hydroxide), jar, black cloth, filter
106
Characteristics of white blood cells
different types of cells, nucleus, NO cell wall
107
Why does an amoeba not need a transport system?
because the transportation of gases, wastes, and food can be simply accomplished by diffusion and cytoplasmic streaming
108
Storage organ that characterizes an Irish potato
Root tuber
109
Why is excretion important in living organisms
To get rid of excess material which can poison these living organisms
110
The glomerular filtrate contains
Salt, water, urea, glucose
111
What can cause improper functioning of the eye
- Weak ciliary muscles
- Lack of vitamin A
- Hemophilia
- Weak ciliary muscles
| - Lack of vitamin A
112
Location of the Pituitary gland
Brain
113
Location of the adrenal gland
top of both kidneys
114
Location of the thyroid gland
at the front of the neck just below the Adam's apple (larynx)
115
Which method of contraception provides protection from disease and pregnancy
Condom
116
Plants grown under the same conditions and then identical ones appearing next to them. This is because...
They may have been self pollinated
117
Do males or females produce gametes for a longer period of time
Males
118
What is discontinuous variation. Give an example.
characteristic of any species with only a limited number of possible values shows discontinuous variation.
Examples: blood group, color, presence of horns, wings
119
What term refers to the visible characteristics of living organisms
Phenotype
120
What is artificial selection
ability to develop many species of plants and animals with beneficial characteristics
121
Where does mitosis occur in a plant
Region behind the root tip
122
What is a pathogen
An organism that causes disease
123
Which of the following methods may help to reduce the spread of disease caused by insect vectors?
- Sterilization
- Use of insecticides
- Use of disinfectants
- Use of insecticides
124
You can reduce your likelihood of getting a non-communicable disease by changing risk factors that relate to your
Lifestyle
125
Organic fertilizers make nutrients....
available more quickly
126
What is the correct feeding sequence in a food chain?
producer --> herbivore --> carnivore --> top carnivore
127
Which of the following are involved in the recycling of nutrients?
- bacteria
- plants
- earthworms
- humans
Bacteria and plants
128
Test for protein
NaOH + Cus = Violet or Purple colour
129
Test for starch
Iodine = Blue-Black colour
130
Test for non-reducing sugar
Benedicts solution = Orange colour
131
Reasons for placing green plants in an aquarium?
Provide food for animals, provide oxygen for animals, removing animals waste products
132
What are the reactants of aerobic respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
133
What feature is most important in r.b.c's for the uptake of oxygen?
Disc shape
134
What is egestion?
the act of excreting unusable or undigested material from a cell
135
Tendons are strong --- that attach your --- to ---
cords, muscles, bones
136
Ligaments are strong --- that attach a --- to another at a ---
cords, bones, joint
137
Movement in plants is important for survival because it ensures that...
they move towards water and towards light
138
Describe the bicep and tricep if the arm flexes
Bicep contracts and tricep relaxes
139
Sensory ending in the skin is a
- effector
- receptor
- stimuli
Receptor
140
What is copulation?
animal sexual behavior in which a male introduces sperm into the female's body
141
What is the gestation period?
the time between conception and birth, during which the embryo or fetus is developing in the uterus
142
The reproduction of an amoeba by binary fission is an example of asexual reproduction beacause
two offspring are produced by one parent
143
Contraception is PRIMARILY used to
limit the size of families
144
What confirms that a coconut it a fruit?
it has a three-layered pericap
145
Where does meiosis occur?
the testes of a mammal
146
What triggers the formation of r.b.c's
thrombocytes
147
Two soil components that are derived from the parent rock material are
Sand and mineral salts
148
Give 5 examples of renewable energy resources
solar energy, wind, falling water, the heat of the earth (geothermal), plant materials (biomass), waves, ocean currents, temperature differences in the oceans and the energy of the tides
149
When does respiration occur in plants
All the time
150
Energy is released from sugar during which process
respiration
151
Plants cells differ from animal cells in their ability to
resist turgor pressure
152
What type of teeth is best for peeling or removing meat from a bone
Canines
153
Compare the amount of energy in aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration releases a large amount of energy and anaerobic releases small amounts of energy
154
Energy in respiration is temporarily captured in
Adenosine Triphosphate
155
As part of the sequence of the heartbeat, the ventricular muscles contract, the atrioventricular valves close, the atrial valves open, this allows blood to flow from...
ventricles to arteries
156
A leaf submerged in red ink will show up in which structure first?
veins
157
Which conditions INCREASES the rate of transpiration
High wind velocity
158
The primary function of the neural spine of the lumbar vertebrae is to
attachment of muscles
159
Oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy by
preventing ovulation
160
A flower with a long style, feathery stigma, long filaments, no corolla and small sepals is adapted for
Cross-pollination and pollination by the wind
161
Where does mitosis occur in a plant
the region behind the root tip
162
A pathogen belongs to which group of disease
infectious
163
Name some of the NATURAL ways the body can protect itself against infection
blood clotting, action of phagocytes, production of antibodies
164
What is the line transect sampling method?
a series of lines is distributed according to some design
165
The more brighter and attractive the organism indicates it may be more
poisonous
166
the process which food is carried through the alimentary canal is known as
peristalsis
167
Substances needed for the formation of bones
Calcium and vitamin D
168
Function of ATP
transfers energy
169
As an organism increases in size, the process of diffusion limits the transportation of substances because
the surface area to volume decreases
170
Plants with vegetative storage organs
Potatoes, ginger, carrot
171
Through which process does the body get rid of nitrogenic waste
excretion
172
Adaptions in plants used to conserve water
small leaves, thorns, cuticle thinkens
173
Name some axial skeletons parts
Skull, vertebral column, ribs
174
Name some appendicular skeletons parts
humerus, femur, pelvic girdle
175
What type of lens will correct short-sightedness
Concave
176
Which part of the brain would be used to solve a mathematical problem
Cerebrum
177
What is a dicotyledonous seed?
has a pair of leaves, or cotyledons, in the embryo of the seed.
178
Wind dispersed seeds have feathery leave which allow them to ..
be taken great distances
179
The production of gametes during the process of meiosis can lead to
variation in a population
180
A characteristic is said to be sex linked if it is
carried on the sex chromosomes
181
Why might there be more green grasshoppers in green grass than brown grass
Camouflaging protects them from predators
182
If a diploid organism has two different alleles for the same gene, it is describes as being
heterozygous
183
What type of disease is anaemia?
Nutritional deficiency
184
What type of disease is diabetes?
Physiological
185
Symptoms that indicate abuse of alcohol
Vasodilation, loss of consciousness, impaired mental functioning
186
Implications of disease in agricultural crops
loss of jobs, lower income for government, higher food import cost
187
What dos the term habitat mean?
the place a particular organism lives
188
Which organism makes solar energy available for other organisms?
Producers
189
Is a mushroom a producer or composer? Explain.
Mushrooms, as we've seen, absorb nutrients from the organic matter they break down as they're incapable of producing their own food. They consume but they do not produce, which makes them heterotrophs
190
Function of membrane
Osmatic control
191
Function of nucleus
nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell , hereditary materials
192
Function of mitochondrion
produce the energy necessary for the cell's survival and functioning, release of energy
193
Sodium hydroxide and weak copper sulphate will produce a violet colour with molecules of
protein
194
What is starch?
a polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers
195
Characteristics of enzymes
1. Enzymes are proteins despite some break fown proteins
2. Inactive by high temps. since protein molecules are damaged by heat
3. They work best at a particular temp.
4. They work best at a particular pH.
5. They are catalyst, therefore they aren't changed and are reused
6. They are specific which means each enzyme will only catalyse with one specific type of chemical reaction.
196
West indian cherries a re rich in vitamin C and therefore are good for
absorption of iron and prevention of bleeding gums
197
Cigarette smoking makes it difficult for air t get to the lungs, this is MOST likely due to
constriction of the bronchioles
198
Which process accounts for the movement of oxygen across a respiratory surface?
Diffusion
199
Large organisms CANNOT depend solely on diffusion for the uptake and transport of gases. This is because as organisms get larger
surface area to volume ratio increases
200
The structure of r.b.c's allows them to
squeeze through tiny blood vessels and absorb large amounts of oxygen
