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HESI A2 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic compounds contain what?

A

Carbon

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2
Q

Inorganic compounds do not contain what?

A

Carbon

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3
Q

What are examples of inorganic compounds

A

Potassium, sodium, and iron

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4
Q

What are examples of organic compounds?

A

Glucose, triacylglycerol, and guanine

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5
Q

What are carbohydrates also called?

A

Sugars

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6
Q

Sugars are primarily used in organisms As a source of what?

A

Energy

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7
Q

The head on a lipid is usually formed of what?

A

Glycerol or phosphate

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8
Q

Is the head on a lipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic

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9
Q

The tale of a lipid is a chain of what?

A

Hydrocarbon

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10
Q

Is the tail on a lipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

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11
Q

Lipids are critical to the formation of what?

A

Phospholipid by layer in the cell membrane

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12
Q

Saturation of a lipid describes what?

A

The number of double bonds in the tale of a lipid

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13
Q

The more double bonds theTail has the more (?) the molecule is

A

Unsaturated

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14
Q

What state are unsaturated fats at room temperature

A

Liquid

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15
Q

What state are saturated fats are in room temperature

A

Solid

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16
Q

Proteins are large molecules composed of a chain of what?

A

Amino acids

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17
Q

What are the three parts each amino acid is composed of?

A

Amino group(-NH2), Carboxyl group (-COOH), And r group

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18
Q

The R group determines what?

A

The amino acids and physiological function

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19
Q

How many amino acids are used to produce proteins?

A

22

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20
Q

Which two group is found in all amino acids?

A

Amino group and carboxyl group

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21
Q

What group is unique to each function?

A

R group

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22
Q

What are the three major differences between DNA and RNA?

A
  1. Uracil replaces thymine in RNA
  2. RNA can exist as a single strand while DNA is a double stranded
  3. RNA contains ribose while DNA contains deoxyribose
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23
Q

Nucleic acid’s store all of what?

A

All information necessary to produce proteins

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24
Q

Nucleic acid’s which include what?

25
Nucleic acid’s are built by molecules using what
Smaller molecules called nucleotides
26
DNA is made for what 4 nucleotides?
Adenine, guanine, customize and thymine
27
Adenine and quinine are classified as what?
Purines
28
Thymine and cytosine Are classified as what?
Pyrimidines
29
Miller Urey experiment
Placed a mixture of ingredients that included water, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into an enclosed reactor bulb. The conditions were modified to stimulate earth billions of years ago. Sparks that stimulated lighting were fired through the mixture every few minutes
30
What molecules were formed during the Miller Urey experiment?
Amino acids, including glycine, as well as sugars
31
Define fossil record
History of species that existed throughout time that had been unearthed by archeologist
32
Define radiometric dating
The age of fossils is determined through a method Called radiometric dating which examines the amount of radioactive carbon remaining in the sample
33
Define Paleozoic era
Was characterized by the colonization of land, with many types of plants appearing, and the diversification of fish and reptiles species
34
Define Mesozoic era
Saw the first flowering plants appearing, as well as many land animals, including the dinosaurs. However at the end of the Mesozoic ear. The extinction of dinosaurs occurred, likely due to catastrophic events such as a huge meteorite striking earth
35
Define Cenozoic era
Many of the animals and plants that we see today started to evolve, including mammals, many of the different angiosperm plants, and a direct ancestors of humans
36
In the miller you really experiment, which attempted to replicate. Conditions that were existed in early earth, which of the following compounds was not created?
Chlorophyll
37
What is the biological hierarchy top to bottom?
Atom, molecule, organelle, so, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, Bayonne, biosphere
38
Who first discovered cells?
Robert Hooke
39
What are traits unique to only prokaryotic cells?
1. )prokaryotic cells such as bacteria are the only types of cells which contain peptideoglycan a sugar and an amino acids layer that supports the cell membrane. 2. )Prokaryotic cells do not have a nuclear membrane 3. )Many prokaryotic cells contain plasmids which are a circular ring of DNA that whole genetic information
40
What are traits unique to only eukaryotic cells?
1. )Eukaryotic cells have a nuclear membrane and DNA is contained within the membrane 2. ) eukaryotic cells have a golgi body which is used for transport of proteins 3. ) some eukaryotic cells have lysosomes or peroxisomes which are used in digestion
41
What are traits shared by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
1. )Both cells have a cell membrane and often have cell walls 2. )Both type of cells contain DNA 3. )Both have flagella and ribosomes
42
What is mitochondria and its function?
It’s responsible for making ATP within the cell. A mitochondria has several layers of membranes used to assist in electron transport chain. This pathways use uses energy to provide molecules such as glucose or fat to generate ATP do the transfer of electrons.
43
What is a vacuole And its function?
A small body use to transfer materials within and out of the cell. It has a membrane of its own egg and carry things such as cell weights, sugars, or proteins
44
What is the nucleus and its function?
The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell contains all of its genetic information in the form of DNA. In the nucleus, DNA that replication and transcription occur. And eukaryotic so after transcription the mRNA is exported out of the nucleus and into the cytosol for use
45
What is the Endoplasmic reticulum and its function?
Use for translation of mRNA into proteins and for transport proteins out of the cell. Has many ribosomes attached to it which functions as a cells machinery in transforming RNA and proteins. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is associated with production of fats and steroids home hormones
46
What is a ribosome and its function?
A small to protein unit that reads mRNA and with the assistance of transport proteins create an amino acid
47
What are two major classes of membrane transport?
Active transport and passive transport
48
Active transport uses what?
ATP
49
What are the two task active transport does?
1. ) it can move a molecule against a concentration gradient from load concentration to high 2. ) it can be used to import or export it bulky molecules such as a sugar or a protein across the cell membrane
50
Passive transport does not require what?
Energy
51
Facilitated diffusion is a form of what?
Passive transport
52
What is Tonicity?
The concentration of solute in the cell
53
Water enters or exits the sale through a process called what?
Osmosis
54
What are examples of solutes
Salt ions, such as sodium or chlorine, Or other molecules such as sugars, amino acids, or proteins
55
Define isotonic
So have the same concentration of solute inside and outside of the cell. There will be no transport of water in this case
56
Define hypertonic
Cell has a lower concentration of solute inside than outside of the cell. The cell will lose water to the environment and shrivel . This is what happens if a cell is placed into a salty solution
57
Define hypotonic
Cell has a higher concentration of solute inside than outside of the cell. The seller will absorb water from the environment as well becoming turgid
58
What is the function of Cyclic AMP
Signaling cascade when Epinephrine binds to a cell
59
Define local or direct signaling
Signal that occurs between cells that are either right next to each other or within a few cells and distance

HESI A2 (5 decks)

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