Biology Flashcards
(210 cards)
1
Q
It is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanism, development, and evolution.
A
Biology
2
Q
Who is considered the father of Biology?
A
Aristotle
3
Q
________ is the science of identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms.
A
Taxonomy
4
Q
What is the study of the external form, size, shape, color, structure, and relative position of various living organs of living organisms?
A
Morphology
5
Q
Which branch of biology is the study of the internal structure that can be observed with unaided eye after dissection?
A
Anatomy
6
Q
What is the study of tissue organization and structure?
A
Histology
7
Q
What instrument is used in observing tissue structures in Histology?
A
Light microscope
8
Q
What is the study of the form and structure of cells including the behavior of nucleus and other organelles?
A
Cytology
9
Q
It is defined as the study of the morphological, organizational, biochemical, physiological, genetic, developmental, pathological, and evolutionary aspects of cells and its components.
A
Cell Biology
10
Q
What is the study of the nature, physicochemical organization, synthesis working, and interaction of biomolecules that bring about and control various activities of the protoplasm?
A
Molecular Biology
11
Q
What is the term of the cytoplasm and nucleus of a cell?
A
Protoplasm
12
Q
It is defined as the study of fertilization, growth, division, and differentiation of the zygote into an embryo.
A
Embryology
13
Q
What is the study of the early development of living beings before the attainment of structure and size of the offspring?
A
Embryology
14
Q
________ is the study of living organisms in relation to other organism and their environment.
A
Ecology
15
Q
What is the study of inheritance of characters or heredity and variations?
A
Genetics
16
Q
It is the study of the expression and transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
A
Heredity
17
Q
What is the science that deals with factors related to the improvement or impairment of race?
A
Eugenics
18
Q
This studies the origin of life as well as new types of organisms from the previous ones by modifications involving genetic changes and adaptions.
A
Evolution
19
Q
What is the study of fossils or remains and impressions of past organisms present in the rocks of different ages?
A
Paleontology
20
Q
What is the branch of scientific inquiry that deals with the possibility of life in outer space?
A
Exobiology
21
Q
What is the study of viruses?
A
Virology
22
Q
It is a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
A
Ecosystem
23
Q
The ecosystem is an (open, close) system because it requires ongoing inputs of energy to persist.
A
Open system
24
Q
These are animals that consume plants and are also known as primary consumers.
A
Herbivores
25
What are the animals that consume meat from other animals and are known as higher-order consumers?
Carnivores
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TRUE OR FALSE:
| Carnivores are animals that can consume both plants and animals.
False (omnivores are animals that can consume plants and animals)
27
What are the consumers that eat small bits of organic remains?
Detritrivores
28
What is another term for decomposers?
Saprophytes
29
They use enzymes to break down wastes and remains into inorganic components and absorb it.
Decomposers
30
What shows the path of energy and nutrient flow among organisms?
Food chain
31
This shows the interconnection of food chains.
Food web
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What kind of food chain is it when herbivores eat producers?
Grazing Food Chains
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Producers die and are then consumed by detritivores. What kind of food chain is this?
Detrital Food Chains
34
What are the graphics that show how energy and organic compounds are distributed among organisms within an ecosystem?
Energy pyramids and biomass pyramids
35
What are the two classes of biogeochemical cycles?
Gaseous and Sedimentary
36
What do you call the cycle that involves the flow of chemical elements between living organisms and the environment?
Biogeochemical Cycles
37
What is the reservoir of the gaseous class of biogeochemical cycles?
Air and oceans (via evaporation)
38
What is the reservoir of the sedimentary class of biogeochemical cycles?
The Earth's crust
39
What portion of the biogeochemical cycle do elements move through a food web then return to the environment?
Biological portion
40
Where is the main reservoir of the water cycle located?
The oceans
41
What is the process of the water cycle?
Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation
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Where is most of the freshwater on Earth found?
Icecaps and glaciers
43
This process of the water cycle occurs when clouds become too saturated and fall as rain or snow.
Precipitation
44
Why is rain naturally acidic?
Rain is naturally acidic because of the formation of carbonic acid from the reaction of CO2 and H2O.
45
______ happens when water from rain travels along land and flows back to the sea.
Runoff
46
TRUE OR FALSE:
| Carbon dioxide contributes to the greenhouse effect.
True
47
What is the main reservoir of nitrogen (N2)?
Air
48
What is the process that can cause a reaction between N2 and O2 in the air to form nitrates?
Lightning
49
The nitrogen cycle is a/an __________ cycle.
Atmospheric cycle
50
What process of the nitrogen cycle reduces nitrates back to the atmosphere as nitrogen (N2)?
Denitrification
51
The phosphorus cycle is a/an __________ cycle.
Sedimentary cycle
52
Who developed/discovered Taxonomy?
Carolus Linneaus
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What is the nationality of the botanist who discovered Taxonomy?
Swedish
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What are the levels of Taxonomy?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
[MNEMONIC: D-, King, Philip, Came, Over, For, Grape, Soda]
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What is the broadest category of taxonomy?
Domain
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What are the domains?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
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What are single-celled organisms without a nucleus?
Prokaryotes
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Organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular with cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles belong in what domain?
Domain Eukarya
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What are the kingdoms?
Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
[MNEMONIC: PEAFPA]
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What kingdoms belong to Domain Eukarya?
Kingdom Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
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Kingdom Eubacteria belongs to which domain?
Domain Bacteria
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What is the history of the evolution of a species or group that allows them to be classified according to their common ancestors?
Phylogeny
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It is a method of hypothesizing relationships among organisms according to the characters, or traits, of the organisms.
Cladistic analysis
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What instrument is used in cladistic analysis to examine new characteristics?
Cladogram
65
Scientific names are always _________.
Italicized
66
What is the term for new characteristics which arise in a lineage?
Derived characters
67
What Family do dogs, wolves, foxes belong to?
Canidae
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If Mephitidae is the family that skunks belong to, where do cats and bears belong?
Felidae (cat), Ursidae (bears)
69
What class do birds belong to?
Aves
70
What are the major classes/groups of the kingdom Plantae?
Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
71
They are organisms that can produce their own food using inorganic substances.
Autotrophs
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What are the kinds of autotrophs?
Photoautotrophs, Chemoautotrophs
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What kind of autotrophs makes their own energy using light and CO2 through the process of photosynthesis?
Photoautotrophs
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This kind of autotroph produces energy without the use of light.
Chemoautotroph
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What are organisms that are known as the consumers of the biosphere?
Heterotrophs
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What are the main parts of a plant?
Roots, Stem, Leaves, Flowers, Fruits
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What are the essential and underground parts of a plant?
Roots
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What part of a plant is found above ground and bears leaves, fruits, and flowers?
Stem
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The ________ contains chlorophyll that helps the plants to prepare their food.
Leaves
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The region where leaves arise in a stem is called what exactly?
Nodes
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What do you call the regions between nodes in a stem?
Internodes
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What are the parts of leaves?
Petiole, leaf base, lamina (or leaf blade)
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______ is the reproductive part of a plant.
Flower
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The part of a plant which is an ovary that develops after fertilization.
Fruits
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What is the term for fruits that develop without fertilization?
Parthenocarpy
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What are the major parts of a flower?
Petals, Sepals, Stamens, Pistil (or Carpel)
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What part of a flower protects the flower buds from damage?
Sepals
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_______ are the male part of a flower.
Stamens
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What are the components of stamens?
Filament, anther
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What is the female part of a flower?
Pistil
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What are the components of the pistil?
Stigma, style, ovary
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What are the main functions of leaves?
Photosynthesis, Transpiration, Reproduction
93
It is the evaporation of water from plants' leaves.
Transpiration
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It is defined as the environmental conditions in which an organism lives and adapts.
Habitat
95
It is the role played by organisms within a habitat.
Niche
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__________ is the variety of life within an ecosystem.
Biodiversity
97
Where do large communities of organisms occupy a major habitat?
Biomes
98
It is a biome that experiences four (4) seasons.
Deciduous forest
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What do you call the area where salt water mixes with freshwater?
Estuaries
100
What biome is known as snow forest?
Taiga
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Which land biome covers over 1/5 of the earth's surface?
Desert
102
What are the types of biomes?
Land and Aquatic biomes
103
This process converts kinetic energy in light to potential energy in the bonds of carbohydrates.
Photosynthesis
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What is the chemical equation of photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
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What is the basic unit of all light?
Photon
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They are known as the only pigments that have the ability to absorb energy from sunlight.
Photosynthetic pigments
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What are the accessory pigments of plants?
Chlorophyll and Cartenoids
108
Where do plants exchange gases with the environment through?
Stomata
109
What converts light energy to sugar and other organic molecules?
Chroloplast
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It is the gelatinous fluid in a chloroplast that surrounds grana.
Stroma
111
What are the stacks of pancake-shaped thylakoid membranes?
Grana
112
These membranes provide the platform for the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Thylakoid membranes
113
A photosystem consists of what?
Proteins, antenna pigments, and a reaction center.
114
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
Light Reactions and Carbon Reactions
115
This stage of photosynthesis is also called the Calvin cycle.
Carbon Reactions
116
Where do Light Reactions take place?
The Thylakoid membranes
117
The Carbon reactions takes place in _______.
The stroma
118
What is an array of cells of a specific type that interact in a collective task?
Tissue
119
What are the types of tissues that are organized as organs and organ systems?
Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue
120
As the body consists of largely fluid in which most are inside cells, what serves as the cell's environment?
Extracellular fluid
121
What type of tissue covers and lines body surfaces and cavities?
Epithelial tissue
122
What junctions form a waterproof barrier between cells?
Tight junctions
123
What junctions hold cells together?
Adhering junctions
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What are special epithelial cells?
Gland cells
125
What glands secrete hormones and are ductless?
Endocrine glands
126
What glands secrete substances such as milk through ducts?
Exocrine glands
127
These tissues structurally and functionally connect tissues.
Connective tissues
128
What is the most common type of connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue
129
Stretchy dense, regular connective tissue makes up _____________.
Ligaments and tendons
130
What are some components of the skeletal system?
Cartilage and bone tissue
131
What tissue stores lipids, serves as insulation, and acts as padding?
Adipose tissue
132
TRUE OR FALSE:
| Blood is considered a connective tissue.
True
133
Why is blood considered a connective tissue?
It consists of cells derived from bones in a fluid plasma.
134
What tissue contracts when stimulated?
Muscle tissues
135
This kind of tissue help moves the body and its component parts.
Muscle tissue
136
What are the types of muscle tissues?
Skeletal muscle tissue, Cardiac muscle tissue, Smooth muscle tissue
137
What muscle tissue is also known as voluntary tissue?
Skeletal muscle tissue
138
TRUE OR FALSE:
| The smooth muscle tissue interacts with bones.
False (skeletal muscle tissue interacts with bones)
139
What is the muscle of the heart?
Cardiac muscle
140
What muscle tissue/s appears striated?
Skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues
141
What muscle tissue/s is under voluntary control?
Smooth muscle tissue
142
What does 'striated' mean?
Marked by transverse dark and light bands/streaks.
143
What type of tissue coordinates information within a body?
Nervous tissue
144
_______ relay electrical signals along the length of the nervous tissue.
Neurons
145
What cells protect and support neurons?
Neuroglial cells
146
What are the regions of our coelom?
Thoracic cavity, Abdominal cavity, Pelvic cavity
147
What organ system includes skin and structures derived from it?
Integumentary system
148
What are the layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
149
What makes the skin waterproof?
Keratin
150
What gives color to the skin?
Melanin
151
What is the body's main control center?
Nervous system
152
What system consists of hormone-secreting endocrine glands and cells?
Endocrine system
153
What systems work together to control the activity of other organ systems?
Nervous system and endocrine system
154
It is a system that consists of individual muscles that move the body and its parts.
Muscular system
155
It is the body's framework.
Skeletal system
156
TRUE OR FALSE:
| The skeletal system protects internal organs and serves as a point of attachment for skeletal muscles.
True
157
_____ are organs of the skeletal system.
Bones
158
What system contains the heart, lungs, and blood vessels?
Circulatory system
159
What systems cooperate with each other in delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells throughout the body, and clearing their wastes?
Circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system
160
What system consists of vessels that move fluid from tissues to the blood?
Lymphatic system
161
What are the organs of the lymphatic system?
Lymph nodes, tonsils, the spleen
162
What organs help protect the body against pathogens?
Lymphatic organs
163
This system includes the lungs and the airways that lead to them.
Respiratory system
164
Which organ system takes in food, breaks it down, delivers nutrients to the blood, and eliminates undigested wastes?
Digestive system
165
What are the organs that filter blood and make urine?
Kidneys
166
What system removes wastes from the blood and adjusts blood volume and solute composition?
Urinary system
167
What is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction?
Reproductive system
168
What cavity holds the brain?
Cranial cavity
169
What cavity holds the spinal cord?
Spinal cavity
170
Who was the first person who discovered cells?
Robert Hooke (1665)
171
It is the microscopic component of all organisms.
Cells
172
What theory states that all biological organisms are composed of cells; cells are the unit of life and all cells come from preexisting cells?
Cell theory
173
What are the functional units of life?
Cells
174
What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm?
Cytosol
175
Complex cells have specialized compartments called ___________.
Organelles
176
__________ are structurally simple but are abundant and diverse.
Bacteria
177
Where can eukaryotic cells be found?
Protists, plants, fungi, animals
178
Where can prokaryotic cells be found?
Bacteria, archaea
179
In what area does DNA occur?
Nucleoid
180
What domain contains organisms with complex cells?
Domain Eukarya
181
TRUE OR FALSE:
| Most eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells.
True
182
What are specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells?
Organelles
183
What molecule is in charge of storing and transferring energy that is produced by mitochondria in cells?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
184
This organelle produces chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions.
Mitochondria
185
They serve as the "skeleton" of the cell.
Microtubules
186
What is a membrane-bound organelle engulfs and transports materials and harmful pathogens in and out of cells?
Vacuoles
187
_________ construct information from information in RNA.
Ribosomes
188
What is the abbreviation of RNA?
Ribonucleic acid
189
What is the abbreviation of DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
190
What organelle functions as modifying, sorting, and packaging of proteins for secretion.
Golgi apparatus/Golgi complex
191
They facilitate photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
192
What organelle contains enzymes to digest and remove waste products?
Lysosomes
193
What organelle functions as the digestive system of the cell?
Lysosomes
194
What type of cell division is an asexual reproduction?
Mitosis
195
What are the phases of Mitosis reproduction?
Prophase, metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
| MNEMONIC: PMAT
196
This type of cell division is achieved by the union of a sperm with an egg cell. It is known as sexual reproduction.
Meiosis
197
Which type of cell division yields gametes with only half as many chromosomes as somatic cells?
Meiosis
198
These chromosomes consist of a DNA-protein complex that is organized in a compact manner.
Eukaryotic chromosomes
199
Where is the sub-unit designation of the chromosome?
Chromatin
200
The basic repeating structural (and functional) unit of chromatin is the ________.
Nucleosome
201
This phase of mitosis is when the chromosomes coil up and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Prophase
202
In what phase of mitosis does a mitotic spindle made of microtubule tracks move the chromosomes to the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
203
_______ is the phase in mitosis where the sister chromatids separate and are moved to opposite poles of the cell.
Anaphase
204
The process of mitosis where the chromosomes return to chromatin and a new nuclear membrane and nucleolus form.
Telophase
205
________ happens at the same time as telophase in many cells.
Cytokinesis
206
What is the physical process of cell division which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two (2) daughter cells?
Cytokinesis
207
______________ produce genetically identical cells.
Mitosis and cytokinesis
208
What is the term when malignant tumors invade other tissues?
Metastasize
209
It is the basis of sexual reproduction.
Meiosis
210
How many body cells do humans have?
46, 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
