Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BMAT > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Cell membrane

A

controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cytoplasm

A

It is where many of the chemical reactions happen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

nucleus

A

Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

mitochondrion

A

Organelles contain the enzymes for respiration, and where most energy is released in respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cell wall

A

strengthens the cell and supports the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chloroplast

A

Organelles that contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ribosomes

A

Tiny structures where protein synthesis occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

plasmid DNA

A

Used to transfer genetic material from one cell to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

chromosomal DNA/no ‘true’ nucleus

A

DNA holds the genetic information of the cell floats freely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

active transport

A

move molecules against a concentration gradient.The process requires energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

levels of organisation

A

cells → tissues → organs → organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Organelle

A

A specialised unit within a cell which performs a specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cell

A

The basic building block of all living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells working together to perform a shared function, and often with similar structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Organ

A

A structure made up of groups of different tissues, working together to perform specific functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Organ System

A

A group of organs with related functions, working together to perform certain functions within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mitosis

A

division leading to two daughter cells that have the
same number of chromosomes so are genetically identical to each other and the
parental cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

interphase

A

the cell grows and

DNA is copied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

role of mitosis

A

growth by increasing cell numbers,

repair of tissues, replacement of worn out cells and asexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cancer

A

mutations in cells that lead to uncontrolled

growth and division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

meiosis

Study These Flashcards
A

division that produces genetically different daughter cells which have half a set of chromosomes.

25
role of meiosis
formation of gametes in sexual reproduction
26
asexual reproduction
involves one parent and that | offspring are genetically identical when no mutations occur.
27
sexual reproduction
involves two parents and offspring are genetically different in relation to each other and the parents, leading to (increased) variation.
28
Type of chromosomes for females and males
females are XX and males | are XY
29
site of genetic material
nucleus
30
gene
a section of DNA which controls part of a cell's chemistry - particularly protein production
31
allele
Different forms of the same gene.
32
dominant
An allele that always expresses itself whether it is partnered by a recessive allele or by another like itself
33
recessive
A recessive gene will remain dormant unless it is paired with another recessive gene
34
heterozygous
a genotype in which the two alleles for a particular characteristic are different
35
homozygous
a genotype in which the two alleles for the characteristic are identical
36
phenotype
visible characteristics of an organism which occur as a result of its genes
37
genotype
alleles that an organism has for a particular characteristic
38
chromosome
The structure made of DNA that codes for all the characteristics of an organism
39
genome
entire genetic material (DNA) of an organism
40
DNA structure
A polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix. Made from four different nucleotides.
41
genetic code
'read’ as triplets, and that each | triplet codes for an amino acid.
42
What do genes carry?
code for proteins
43
protein synthesis
production of proteins from amino | acids
44
mutation
change in the DNA
45
mutations effect?
no effect on the phenotype, some will have a | small effect, whilst occasionally others will determine the phenotype
46
process of genetic engineering
Enzymes are used to isolate the required gene, this gene is inserted into a vector, which is usually a bacterial plasmid or a virus. The vector inserts the gene into required cells. The genes are transferred to animal, plant or microorganism cells, during early development. This allows them to develop with the desired characteristics.
47
genetic engineering
modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to result in a desired characteristic
48
examples of genetic engineering
Bacterial cells have been genetically modified to produce substances such as human insulin genetically modified crops include those that are resistant to insect attack or are herbicide resistant Scientists have added a gene to wild rice that makes it produce beta carotene
49
benefits and risks of using genetic engineering
The advantage of golden rice is that it can be used in areas where vitamin A deficiency is common, so it can help prevent blindness ethical issues and possible health risks of genetically modified food
50
embryonic stem cell
A type of stem cell found in the embryo, capable of dividing into almost any cell type
51
functions of stem cells
A cell found in foetuses, embryos and some adult tissues can give rise to a wide range of other cells
52
Cells as animals mature
lose the ability of stem cells
53
benefits of using your own stem cells
no rejection no need to find a donor no need for tissue typing
54
Clinical issues of stem cells
no guarantee how successful | difficulty in obtaining and storing a patient’s embryonic stem cells
55
Ethical issues of stem cells
is it right to create embryos for therapy, and destroy them in the process? Embryos could come to be viewed as a commodity, and not as an embryo that could develop into a person.
56
Selective breeding
rare disease genes can be unknowingly selected as part of a positive trait eg a high percentage of Dalmatian dogs are deaf can create physical problems in specific organisms, eg large dogs can have faulty hips due to not being formed correctly
57
Enzymes
proteins that function as biological catalysts
58
Catalysts
speed up a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction

BMAT (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions