Biology 106 Final Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
Define vestigial structures
A
Retained homologous structures
Example: Human appendix
3
Q
What is biogeography?
A
Geographic distribution of species
4
Q
Compare Lamarck’s hypothesis and Darwin’s theory.
A
Lamarck: inheritance of acquired characters; Darwin: theory of evolution and natural selection
5
Q
What does selection act on?
A
Populations heritable traits
6
Q
What does evolution act on?
A
Populations genetic variation
7
Q
Define phylogeny
A
Evolutionary history of organisms
8
Q
What is taxonomy?
A
Broad categories
9
Q
Define monophyletic
A
Ancestor species and all its descendants
10
Q
Define paraphyletic
A
Common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants
11
Q
Define polyphyletic
A
Numerous types of organisms that lack common ancestor
12
Q
What is parsimony/Occam’s razor?
A
Theory should be simplest explanation consistent with facts
13
Q
Define genetic drift
A
Changes in allele frequency
14
Q
What is the bottleneck effect?
A
When tragic events occur resulting in a major population decreased
15
Q
Define founder effect
A
When a new smaller population establishes from larger population
16
Q
What is gene flow?
A
Exchange due to migration of gametes between populations
17
Q
Define homozygote
A
Organism with two identical alleles for traits
18
Q
Define heterozygote
A
Two different alleles for trait
19
Q
What is a phenotype?
A
Physical features of a person
20
Q
Define genotype
A
Genetic makeup of a person
21
Q
What is speciation?
A
The evolution process by which populations evolve to become distinct species
22
Q
Define microevolution
A
Evolutionary change within a species/population (changes of allele frequency over generations)
23
Q
What is macroevolution?
A
Broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level (new taxonomic groups)
24
Q
Define prezygotic isolation
A
Reproductive isolation mechanisms that prevent the formation of a zygote
25
What is postzygotic isolation?
Reproductive isolation mechanism that operate AFTER the formation of a hybrid zygote
26
Define allopatric speciation
Speciation that occurs when populations are geographically isolated from each other
27
What is sympatric speciation?
Speciation that occurs in the same geographical area
28
Define radiometric dating
A method of determining the age of rocks and fossils based on the decay of radioactive isotopes
29
What is half-life?
The time it takes for one-half of the atoms of a radioactive isotope to decay
30
What is the theory of plate tectonics?
The continents are part of plates of Earth's crust that float on hot, underlying mantle
31
Define paedomorphosis
The retention of juvenile features in the adult stages
32
Define gram-positive bacteria
Simple, large amount of peptidoglycans (purple)
33
What are gram-negative bacteria?
Complex, less peptidoglycans (threatening – red/pink)
34
Define autotroph
An organism that produces its own food using energy from sunlight or chemical reactions
35
What is a photoautotroph?
An autotroph that uses light energy (e.g., photosynthesis)
36
Define chemoautotroph
An autotroph that uses chemical energy (e.g., oxidation of inorganic substances)
37
What is a heterotroph?
An organism that obtains its food from other organisms
38
Define photoheterotroph
A heterotroph that uses light energy to generate ATP but obtains organic molecules from other organisms
39
What is a chemoheterotroph?
A heterotroph that obtains both energy and carbon from organic molecules
40
Define obligate aerobe
An organism that requires oxygen to survive
41
What is an obligate anaerobe?
An organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
42
Define facultative anaerobe
An organism that can survive with or without oxygen
43
What is decomposition?
The breakdown of dead organisms/organic waste into simpler substances
44
Define mutualism
A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit
45
What is commensalism?
A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits, and the other is neither harmed nor helped
46
Define parasitism
A symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (the host)
47
Describe brown algae
A group of multicellular algae that are commonly called 'seaweeds'
48
What are green algae?
A diverse group of algae that are closely related to plants
49
Describe red algae
A group of algae that are typically red or purplish in color due to the presence of the pigment phycoerythrin
50
Define blade in relation to seaweed
The flattened, leaf-like portion of a seaweed or other similar aquatic organism
51
What is a holdfast?
A root-like structure that anchors the seaweed or alga to a substrate
52
Define stipe
A stem-like structure that connects the blade(s) to the holdfast
53
What is alternation of generations?
A life cycle pattern found in plants and some algae with distinct multicellular haploid and diploid stages
54
Define stomata
Tiny pores or openings in the epidermis of leaves and stems
55
What is a lichen?
A symbiotic organism composed of a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium
56
Define gametophyte
The haploid (n) multicellular stage in the alternation of generations
57
What is a sporophyte?
The diploid (2n) multicellular stage in the alternation of generations
58
Define ectoderm
The outermost germ layer in animal embryos
59
What is endoderm?
The innermost germ layer in animal embryos
60
Define mesoderm
The middle germ layer in animal embryos
61
What is a medusa?
A free-swimming, bell-shaped body form found in cnidarians
62
Define polyp
A sessile, cylindrical body form found in cnidarians
63
List 4 features of Phylum Chordata
* Notochord
* Dorsal hollow nerve cord
* Pharyngeal slits
* Post-anal tail
64
What is a taproot?
The main root in a root system, prevents plant from falling over
65
Define xylem
Minerals and water flow up from roots to shoot
66
What is phloem?
Sugars flow down
67
Define apical meristems
Located at tip of shoot and axillary bud
68
What are lateral meristems?
Adds thickness to woody plants
69
Define water potential
Quantity that includes the effect of the solute concentration and pressure
70
What is solute potential?
Directly proportional to molarity
71
Define pressure potential
The physical pressure on a solution, can be positive or negative
72
What does turgid mean?
Flaccid cell placed in pure water, water moves into cell
73
Define flaccid
Cell placed into an environment with a higher solute concentration, water leaves the cell
74
What is plasmolysis?
Occurs when the protoplast shrinks and pulls away from cell wall
75
Define fruit in botanical terms
Mature ovary
76
What is a stamen?
Male organ that produces microspores
77
Define carpel
Female organ that produces megaspores
78
What is a pistil?
Holds up the stamen
79
List the 4 ways that plants can be pollinated
* Insects
* Bats
* Birds
* Bees
80
Define aggregate fruit
Single flower with several carpels
81
What is multiple fruit?
Tightly clustered flowers
82
Define accessory fruit
83
What is simple fruit?
Single ovary of one flower
84
Define senescence
Programmed death (aging)
85
What are circadian rhythms?
Internal clock
86
Define etiolation
Morphological adaptations for growth in the dark
87
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and secreted directly into the bloodstream
88
Define homeostasis
Ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external surroundings
89
What is positive feedback?
Amplifies the initial stimulus, pushing the regulated variable further away from its normal range
90
Define negative feedback
Self-regulating, stabilizing loop
91
What is the pituitary gland?
Plays a crucial role in regulating numerous bodily functions by producing and releasing various hormones
92
Define posterior pituitary
Stores and releases two hormones – ADH and oxytocin
93
What is anterior pituitary?
Synthesizes and secretes a variety of crucial hormones
94
Define endocrine system
Uses hormones to transmit signals throughout the body
95
What is the nervous system?
Uses rapid electrical and chemical signals to transmit information along nerve fibers
96
Define gastrovascular cavity
Distributes substances through the body (Digestion)
97
What is diffusion?
The driving force behind vital functions, moves from high to low concentration
98
Define cardiovascular system
Heart, arteries, and veins in vertebrates
99
What is hemolymph?
The intestinal fluid that bathes body cells
100
Define blood
Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes
101
What are arteries?
Carry blood away from the heart, oxygenated blood
102
Define veins
Carry blood towards the heart, deoxygenated blood
103
What are capillaries?
Smallest blood vessel in the body, exchange between blood and body tissue
104
Describe an open system
Fluid goes to organs directly (hemolymph)
105
Define a closed system
Fluid is enclosed in veins, etc. (blood)
106
List the 3 main types of blood vessels
* Veins
* Arteries
* Capillaries
107
What is phagocytosis?
The ingestion/breakdown of particles
108
Define inflammatory response
Fever, pain, swelling
109
What is an antigen?
Elicit response from B/T cell (foreign invader)
110
Define antibody
Cells that secrete a soluble form of protein
111
What is primary immune response?
The first exposure response to an antigen (shorter)
112
Define secondary immune response
Memory cells facilitate a faster, stronger response from the antigen (longer)
113
What are allergies?
Exaggerated response to antigens (allergens)
114
Define autoimmune disease
The immune system targets certain molecules of the body
