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Science '22 > biology > Flashcards

biology Flashcards

1
Q

Life processes

A

Movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition.

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2
Q

Movement in animals

A

Animals move using specialised structures (legs or wings) to help them survive.

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3
Q

Movement in plants

A

Plants cannot move their whole “body” like animals, but they move parts of themselves (like moving their leaves towards the sun).

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4
Q

Movement in nonliving things

A

Nonliving things can only move if they are pushed or pulled by something else.

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5
Q

Respiration

A

A chemical process that turns oxygen and glucose from food into energy.

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6
Q

Respiration is important because

A

All cells need energy, and living things are made up of cells.

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7
Q

Sensitivity

A

The ability of an organism to respond to changes in its external or internal environment.

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8
Q

Example of sensitivity

A

You sense that something is hot, it hurts when you touch it and you respond by quickly moving your hand away.

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9
Q

Proprioception

A

Knowing where your body parts are.

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10
Q

Electroreception

A

Sensing electrical stimuli.

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11
Q

Magnetoreception

A

Sensing magnetic stimuli.

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12
Q

Growth

A

The irreversible increase of an organism’s size over a given period.

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13
Q

Growth in animals

A

Most animals grow until they reach a certain size and then stop.

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14
Q

Growth in plants

A

Most plants continue growing throughout their entire lives.

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15
Q

Reproduction

A

The production of offspring via sexual or asexual reproduction.

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16
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of waste created by respiration and photosynthesis (so that it does not harm the organism).

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17
Q

Example of excretion

A

Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration, and too much carbon dioxide in your blood can kill you so it must be removed.

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18
Q

Nutrition

A

The process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life.

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19
Q

Autotrophic nutrition

A

Photosynthesis

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20
Q

Heterotrophic nutrition

A

The organism which cannot produce food on their own and depend on other sources/organisms are called heterotrophs

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21
Q

Human full scientific name

A

Animalia, chordata, primates, hominidae, homo, (homo) sapiens

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22
Q

Why are humans classified as vertebrates?

A

They have a backbone, and are chordates.

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23
Q

Chordate

A

A species which has had a notochord at any stage of its life.

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24
Q

Chordate criteria

A

Gill slits during embryo stage. A post anal tail.

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25
Q

Why are humans classified as mammals?

A

They are homeothermic (constant body temperature), have a four chambered heart, have hair on the body, young develop within a uterus, females have glands that secrete milk.

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26
Q

Why are humans classified as primates?

A

They have forward facing eyes and fingernails instead of claws.

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27
Q

Hierarchy of structural organisation

A

Chemical level, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism.

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28
Q

Cells

A

The basic structural and functional unit of living things.

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29
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells with similar size and shape that function together for a common purpose.

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30
Q

4 basic types of tissue in the human body

A

Epithelium (skin), connective (bone/cartilage), muscle, nervous.

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31
Q

Organ

A

A structure comprised of two or more tissues that has a definite/specific shape, function and location.

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32
Q

Examples of organs

A

Heart, brain, liver, pancreas.

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33
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs that function/work together i.e. coordinated for a common purpose.

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34
Q

Examples of organ systems

A

Skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive.

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35
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment (keeping the conditions inside your body the same).

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36
Q

Examples of internal conditions that must be maintained at optimal levels

A

Blood glucose, blood water, body temperature, blood oxygen, temperature.

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37
Q

Optimal temperature for humans

A

37.5 degrees celsius. Because it is the optimal temperature for chemical reactions in our cells.

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38
Q

How does our body keep the internal temperature the same?

A

It must balance the heat lost and the heat gained. It does this by using behavioural and physiological methods.

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39
Q

Examples of behavioural methods

A

Change clothes, cold drink, reducing activity, seek a cool place.

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40
Q

Examples of physiological methods

A

Sweating, goosebumps, shivering.

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41
Q

Automatic control systems have

A

Three parts and messages that travel between them. Receptor > processing centre > effector

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42
Q

Receptor

A

Detects the change.

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43
Q

Processing centre (modulator/coordinator)

A

Processes information from the receptor and sends information to the effector.

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44
Q

Message

A

The message that is sent from the modulator to the effector.

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45
Q

Effector

A

The part of the body that carries out a response.

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46
Q

Stimulus

A

The change in the internal environment.

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47
Q

Components of a feedback loop

A

Stimulus, receptor, modulator, message, effector, response, feedback.

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48
Q

Negative feedback

A

When the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of a system. (A reaction that causes a decrease in function).

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49
Q

Cell requirements

A

To enable normal functioning, all cells in the human body need to be in a relatively stable environment. Body systems work together to ensure that the cellular environment is kept constant.

50
Q

The cell membrane is composed of

A

Mainly lipids and proteins.

51
Q

Two layers make up the single membrane

A

Lipid bilayer.

52
Q

How molecules move through the membrane varies depending on

A

Their size and if they are organic or inorganic.

53
Q

Very small molecules can

A

Pass through the small gaps between the lipids. (E.g. oxygen)

54
Q

Fat soluble substances can

A

Diffuse across the membrane by dissolving into the lipid (fat). (E.g. alcohol and steroid hormones).

55
Q

Proteins are

A

Embedded throughout the membrane and carry out most of the functions of the membrane.

56
Q

Integral proteins

A

Bridge the two sides of the membrane.

57
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Embedded in the outside of the membrane.

58
Q

Cell membranes are described as being

A

Semipermeable/selectively permeable

59
Q

Semipermeable

A

Allows some ions and molecules to pass through but restrict the movement of other. This is usually based on size.

60
Q

Passive processes

A

No energy required, can occur in living and dead cells.

61
Q

Examples of passive processes.

A

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion.

62
Q

Active processes.

A

Requires cell’s energy, only in living cells.

63
Q

Examples of active processes.

A

Active transport, cytosis.

64
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

65
Q

Diffusion only occurs when

A

There is a difference in concentration between the two areas (e.g. a concentration gradient)

66
Q

Osmosis

A

A special case of diffusion that involves the diffusion of water across a cell membrane.

67
Q

Water molecules are

A

Very small and pass through very easily.

68
Q

Osmosis occurs when

A

Water moves from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water.

69
Q

Cytosis

A

An active process in which materials move into or out of the cell enclosed as vesicles.

70
Q

Vesicles

A

Bubble like structures consisting of either a solid particle or a liquid droplet enfolded in a piece of the cell membrane.

71
Q

Cytosis is used for

A

Large particles that are too large to fit through the pores or protein channels in the cell membrane.

72
Q

Exocytosis

A

When the material/particle in a vesicle is moved from inside the cytoplasm to the outside.

73
Q

Endocytosis

A

When the material/particle is moved from outside the cell into the cytoplasm.

74
Q

Phagocytosis

A

When the material/particle is a solid. (Only performed by specialised cells)

75
Q

Pinocytosis

A

When the material/particle is a liquid. (Performed by all cells)

76
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the aid of a membrane protein.

77
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of wastes produced by metabolism within cells.

78
Q

Elimination

A

The removal of undigested materials from the body.

79
Q

Faeces is

A

Elimination (except for bile pigments).

80
Q

Main organs of excretion

A

Lungs, sweat glands, alimentary canal, kidneys.

81
Q

Substances removed by lungs

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

82
Q

Substances removed by sweat glands

A

Water, salt, urea.

83
Q

Substances removed by alimentary canals

A

Water and bile pigments.

84
Q

Substances removed by kidneys

A

Water, salt, urea.

85
Q

Major parts of the human excretory system

A

Kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, urinary opening.

86
Q

Main sections of a kidney

A

Medulla, cortex, pelvis.

87
Q

Function of kidneys

A

Filter blood to remove wastes and produces urine.

88
Q

Function of ureters

A

Transports urine from the kidney to the bladder.

89
Q

Function of bladder

A

Temporary storage of urine and contracts to squeeze urine out of the body.

90
Q

Function of urethra

A

Transports urine from the bladder to outside the body.

91
Q

Cortex

A

(Outside) Where the filtration occurs.

92
Q

Medulla

A

(Middle) Where useful substances are reabsorbed.

93
Q

Pelvis

A

(Inside) Where urine collects before travelling down to the bladder.

94
Q

Parts of a nephron

A

Glomerulus, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, loop of Henle, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

95
Q

Major stages of the formation of urine

A

Glomerular filtration, reabsorption, tubular secretion.

96
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Blood enters the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole. Some of the liquid part of blood is forced into the glomerular capsule. The red and white blood cells and plasma proteins are left behind and leave via the efferent arteriole.

97
Q

Filtrate

A

The liquid inside the glomerular capsule.

98
Q

Reabsorption

A

The filtrate passes into the proximal convoluted tubule and useful substances are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries. The filtrate then passes through the Loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule where further reabsorption occurs.

99
Q

Tubular secretion

A

Adds substances to the filtrate. Hydrogen and ammonium ions are added to the filtrate so that the blood pH remains stable. The fluid is now called urine and passes into the collecting duct and to the ureter.

100
Q

Nervous system

A

A series of tissues and organs that are the prime communication system within the body

101
Q

Two main divisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

102
Q

Central nervous system

A

At the centre of the nervous system. Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

103
Q

Role of the central nervous system

A

Receives information from all over your body, processes the information and then sends out messages telling your body how to respond.

104
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Made up of the peripheral nerves that connect the central nervous system with the receptors and muscles.

105
Q

Role of the peripheral nervous system

A

The nerves carry information to and from the central nervous system.

106
Q

Synapse

A

The point at which a nerve impulse passes from one neuron to another.

107
Q

Basic parts of a motor neuron

A

Cell body, axons, dendrites.

108
Q

Cell body

A

Contains nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles. Carries out essential cell processes that keep the cell alive.

109
Q

Organelles

A

Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi apparatus

110
Q

Dendrites

A

Short branched extensions from the cell body. Consist of cytoplasm surrounded by cell membrane.

111
Q

Role of dendrites

A

Receive impulses from other neurons or receptors, conduct impulses towards the cell body.

112
Q

Axon

A

Single, long cylindrical processes extending from the cell body. Ends by dividing into synaptic terminals.

113
Q

Role of the axon

A

Transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body, towards other neurons.

114
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Made of fat (myelin) and gives axons a white appearance.

115
Q

Role of myelin sheath

A

Insulates the axon, protects from damage, increases speed of transmission impulses.

116
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

The gaps in the myelin sheath.

117
Q

Synaptic terminal

A

At the end of the axons and dendrites. It’s how they join to other neurons.

118
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment. E.g. when you touch a hot surface, the sensory neurons are like omg guys something happaned.

119
Q

Motor neurons

A

A specialized type of brain cell called neurons located within the spinal cord and the brain.

120
Q

Connector neurons

A

Neurons that connect two brain regions.

Science '22 (6 decks)

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