Biology Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
ATP
A
adenosine triphosphate; source of energy storage within cells
2
Q
respiration
A
exchange of O2 and CO2 btwn the atmosphere and the body/cell
3
Q
synthesis
A
creation of a compound by the union of its elements
4
Q
regulation
A
adaptation to a standard condition
5
Q
metabolism
A
physical + chemical processes by which molecules are broken down to make energy available to an organism
6
Q
homeostasis
A
adjusting to conditions to maintain stability
7
Q
genus
A
1st of 2 parts of a name (CANIS lupus)
8
Q
species
A
2nd of 2 parts of a name (canis LUPUS)
9
Q
Whats the terms for organism classification from biggest to smallest?
A
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
10
Q
prokaryotic
A
single cell, no distinct mucleus (monera class are these)
11
Q
eukaryotic
A
1 or more cells with a distinct nucleus (protista, fungi, plants, animals, are examples of eukaryotes)
12
Q
what defines a chordate?
A
anything with a spine!
13
Q
dog/canine order?
A
carnivora
14
Q
dog/canine family?
A
canidae
15
Q
dog/canine genus and species?
A
(g) canis (s) lupus
16
Q
dog/canine subspecies?
A
familiaris
17
Q
cat/feline order?
A
carnivora
18
Q
cat/feline family?
A
felidae
19
Q
cat/feline genus and species?
A
(g) felis (s) sylvestris
20
Q
cat/feline subspecies?
A
domesticus or catus
21
Q
what would make a cat’s subspecies be categorized as “catus”?
A
if they’re a wild hybrid, such as bengals and savanahhs
22
Q
horse/equine order?
A
perissodactyl
23
Q
why are horses considered perissodactyls?
A
they technically only walk on one digit
24
Q
horse/equine family?
A
equidae
25
horse/equine genus and species?
(g) equus (s) caballus
26
donkey/equine order?
perissodactyl
27
donkey/equine family’?
equidae
28
donkey/equine genus and species?
(g) equus (s) asinus
29
why can’t mules reproduce?
they have two less chromosomes than horses do, meaning they don’t have enough chromosomes to replicate and create offspring
30
cattle/bovine order?
artiodactyla
31
what defines artiodactyla?
cloven hooves
32
cattle/bovine family?
bovidae
33
cattle/bovine subfamily?
boviNae
34
cow/bovine genus and species?
(g) bos (s) taurus
35
sheep/ovine order?
artiodactyla
36
sheep/ovine family?
bovidae
37
sheep/ovine subfamily?
caprinae
38
sheep/ovine genus and species?
(g) ovis (s) aries
39
goats/caprine order?
artiodactyla
40
goats/caprine family?
bovidae
41
goats/caprine subfamily?
caprinae
42
goats/caprine genus and species?
(g) capra (s) aegagrus
43
goat/caprine subspecies?
hircus
44
What does an animal have to have to be in the family bovidae?
4 stomachs
45
rabbit order?
lagomorpha
46
rabbit family?
leporidae
47
rabbit genus?
oryctolagus
48
rabbit species
cuniculus
49
pig/swine order?
artiodactyla
50
pig/swine family?
suidae
51
pig/swine genus?
sus
52
pig/swine species?
scrofa
53
what are guinea pigs commonly also known as?
cavy/cavies
54
guinea pig/cavy order?
rodentia
55
guinea pig/cavy family?
caviidae
56
guinea pig/cavy subfamily?
caviinae
57
guinea pig/cavy genus?
cavia
58
guinea pig/cavy species?
porcellus
59
parrots class?
aves
60
parrots order?
psittaciformes (bill shape)
61
In biology, we define organisms by…
locomotion (how they move) and nutrition (how they eat)
62
locomotion: flagella
one part moves the cell
63
locomotion: pseudopodia
temporary arm-like projections
64
autotrophic nutrition
plants; photosynthesis, use sunlight to produce glucose (energy)
65
heterotrophic nutrition
ingestion of organic material is necessary to gain nutrition
66
plasma membrane
encloses the body of a cell
67
cytoplasm
space within a cell containing the nucleus and organelles
68
nucleus
a spheroid body within a cell containing chromosomes (DNA) and a nucleoli (RNA)
69
endoplasmic reticulum
a network of membranes within a cell involved in protein, lipid, and glycogen synthesis. there is a smooth and rough version; rough containing ribosomes
70
ribosomes
perform protein synthesis within a cell, RNA makes and carries genetic code for proteins
71
organelle
a specialized structure of cell
72
mitochondria
organelle in cytoplasm that produces ATP
73
golgi apparatus
organelle in cytoplasm that produces glycoproteins and lipoproteins
74
lysosomes
“police of the cell” : organelle involved in cellular digestion and killing of microorganisms
75
vacuoles
a space/cavity in the cytoplasm
76
cell walls
present in plants and bacteria (except mycoplasmas)
77
cell membrane has a lipid bilayer, meaning…
it has an outer layer consisting of polar molecules and an inner layer consisting of non-polar molecules
78
polar
having the opposite effect at 2 extremities (ex: H2O)
79
cellular transport: absorption
passive transport
80
cellular transport: diffusion
o2 and h2o
81
cellular transport: concentration gradient
sodium (moves to less crowded area)
82
cellular transport: osmosis
cell membrane
83
what does active transport expend?
energy/ATP
84
pinocytosis
molecules are dissolved in extracellular fluid and cell ingests them into vacuoles of membrane
85
phagocytosis
molecules are undissolved and large, cell also ingests them into vacuoles of membrane
86
endocytosis
uptake of particles by invagination of cell membrane
87
exocytosis
discharge if cell particles outside the cell; inflammatory response
88
anaerobic respiration
no ATP, forms lactic acid
89
oxidation
loss of electrons - charge becomes more positive
90
aerobic respiration
ATP and O2 required - forms H2O + CO2 (opp of photosynthesis) 2 PHASES
91
aerobic respiration (anaerobic phase - glycolisis)
forms 2 molecules of pyruvic acid + 4 ATPs, 2 ATPs r utilized
product: 2 ATPs
92
aerobic respiration (aerobic phase)
occurs in mitochondria, pyruvic acid oxidized to form CO2, H2O, and 34 ATP
93
Krebs Cycle/tricarboxylic cycle/citric acid cycle
respiration occurs w/in cells of plants/animals - normally generates 38 ATP from oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose
94
nucleotides
contain a phosphate, a sugar, and 1 of 4 nitrogen bases
95
the 4 nitrogen bases:
adenine + thymine + guanine + cytosine
96
adenine pairs with?
thymine
97
guanine pairs with?
cytosine
98
thymine pairs with?
adenine
99
cytosine pairs with?
guanine
100
RNA
present in all living cells, makes proteins, contains genetic info in some viruses
101
RNA’s 4 nitrogen bases:
adenine, guanine, cytosine, URACIL
102
uracil replaces?
thymine
103
RNA’s sugar is weaker/stronger than DNA’s sugar?
weaker
104
the 3 kinds of RNA?
messenger, transfer, ribosomal
105
how many strands does RNA have?
one
106
polypeptide
a compound containing 2 or more amino acids linked in a peptide bond, makeup enzymes
107
recombination
reunion of once united but separated elements into the same or different configuration
108
chromosome
a complex structure present in the nucleus composed of DNA, RNA, proteins, and genetic info of the cell
109
gene
unit of hereditary that determines physical characteristics, segment of DNA
110
allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene
111
diploid
having a pair of each chromosome characteristic of a species
112
homozygosis
form of a cell from a male + female gamete that has identical alleles
113
genotype
the entire genetic constitution of an individual
114
phenotype
outward appearance as dictated by genetic + environmental influences in the environment
115
mitosis
prophase/metaphase/anaphase/telophase
116
interphase
dna replicates
117
prophase
chromatin begins to coil, centromeres appear, nuclear membrane disappears
118
metaphase/anaphase
chromosomes line up and then separate, pulled by poles
119
telophase
chromosomes reach poles, nuclear envelopes reappear, cytoplasm is separated and 2 cells have been formed
120
gamete
1 of 2 cells, male or female, whose union is necessary to initiate development of new individual (haploids, parent cells are diploids)
121
haploid
a single set of unpaired chromosomes
122
spermatogenesis
male sperm production
123
oogenesis
female egg production
124
fertilization
a zygote is formed from union of gametes, zygote is diploid and embryonic development begins
125
Meiosis I
similar to mitosis but chromosomes of daughter cells do not separate, 2 cells
126
Meiosis II
4 daughter cells produced, each one containing 1/2 the # of chromosomes of the parent cell
127
does meiosis or mitosis occur in sexual reproduction?
meiosis
128
does meiosis or mitosis have recombination?
mitosis
