Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 120 Exam 3 > Biology 120 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Biology 120 Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Natural Selection

A
  1. individual variation

2. Struggle for existence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 Modes of Selections

A
  1. Directional Selection
  2. Stabilizing Selection
  3. Disruptive Selection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Directional Selection

A
  • Select against one extreme in favor of the other
  • move average towards trait being selected for.
    ex: a pepper moth (dark and light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A
  • Selecting against extreme favors in favor of the average trait.
  • loose extremes— tall, narrow, curve at average trait.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Disruptive Selection

A
  • Select against average trait

- make extremes more common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • Struggle for existence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Struggle to obtain mates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

2 forms

Boys and girls have different forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Female Choice

A

-Larger energy investment
- eggs are expensive
- Choosey about mate
Boys
- small energy investment
-sperm are cheap
-males are NOT choosey about who they mate with.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Male- Male Competition

A

-Males compete with each other for the attention of females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Macroevolution

A
  • Speciation

- Major evolutionary change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Biological Species Concept

A
  • Interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

Where different species may live in same area, but cannot interbreed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pre- Zygotic Barriers

A

Prevents interbreeding prior to fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Post- Zygotic Barriers

A

Barrier that helps reproductive isolation after fertilization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pre- Zygotic Barriers-

Habitat Isolation

A

ex. Terrestrial Garter Snake

Aquatic Garter Snake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pre-Zygotic Barrier

Behavioral Isolation

A

Ex. Bird songs

Lightning Bugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pre-Zygotic Barrier
Temporal Isolation
(Time)

A

-Breed at different times of the year
Ex.- western spotted skunk- late summer
eastern spotted skunk- late winter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pre-Zygotic Barrier

Mechanical Isolation

A

-Reproductive organs are not compatible.
Ex. Dragon Flies
lock and key genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pre-Zygotic Barrier

Gametic Isolation

A

-Proteins on surface of the sperm that have to match proteins on the surface of the eggs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Viability

A

Health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Post-Zygotic Barrier

Reduced Hybrid Viability

A
  • Offspring is NOT healthy

- die before birth or shortly after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Post-Zygotic Barrier

Reduced Hybrid Fertility

A
  • hybrid is viable but NOT fertile

ex. mule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Post-Zygotic Barrier

Hybrid Breakdown

A
  • 1st generation hybrids are fertile and viable

- 2nd generation are NOT viable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Problems with Biological Concept

A
  • asexual
  • fossils
  • too rigid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Morpho Species Concept

A

Groups together individuals that look alike (same form).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ecological Species Concept

A

Group together individual with similar niches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

Define species based on evolutionary lineage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cladogram

A

Based on DNA sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Speciation

A

Process in which new species arise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A
  • Geographic barriers divides population
    ex. river, glacier, mts
  • populations diverge (change)
  • when back together they are different species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

-ranges overlap—live in same place
-barrier to gene flow
ex. apple maggot flies
originally lived on haw thrones
and some moved to apples.

33
Q

Allopatric

A

-ranges do NOT overlap

34
Q

Sympatric

A

-ranges overlap

35
Q

Virus

A
  • intracellular parasite
  • not alive (not living)
  • can cause disease
36
Q

Why are viruses not alive?

A
  • not cells
  • cannot copy themselves
  • cannot make ATP
  • they evolve
37
Q

Epidemic

A

Disease effects a lot of people at same time.

38
Q

Virulent

A

How much damage is caused.

39
Q

Non-enveloped virus

A
  • capsid (protein shell)

- DNA (RNA) inside capsid

40
Q

Enveloped Virus

A

-plasma membrane (envelope)

surrounding capsid

41
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Prokaryotic cells

- archaea—- extreme bacteria

42
Q

Shapes of Bacteria

A
  • Cocci
  • Bacilli
  • Spirilla
43
Q

Cocci (Coccus)

A

Sphere

44
Q

Bacilli (Bacillus)

A

Rods

45
Q

Spirilla (Spirillus)

A

Corkscrew

46
Q

Gram- Stain

A

Sticks to cell- turns purple- gram positive

does not stick to cell- doesn’t turn purple- gram negative

47
Q

Gram Positive Bacteria

A
  • thick cell wall

- a lot of peptidogylcan

48
Q

Gram Negative Bacteria

A
  • thin cell wall
  • less pepitdoglycan
  • 2nd plasma membrane surrounding the layer of peptidoglycan.
49
Q

Environmental conditions deteriorate

A

Produce—-> endospere—-> resting stage

50
Q

What can affect bacteria growth?

A
  • temperature
  • salt
  • pH
  • nutrient
51
Q

Phototrophs

A

getting energy from lights

ex: plants, algae, cyanobacteria

52
Q

Chemotrophs

A

energy from chemicals in their environment

53
Q

Autotrophs

A

get carbon from Co2 (carbon dioxide)

54
Q

Heterotrophs

A

get C from organic molecules

55
Q

Photoautotroph

A

energy from light, C from Co2

ex. plants, algae, cyanobacteria

56
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

energy from chemicals
C from Co2
ex. unique to prokaryotes

57
Q

Photohetertroph

A

energy from light, carbon from organic molecules

58
Q

Chemohetertroph

A

energy from chemicals, Carbon from organic molecules

ex. animals, Fungi, Protists, prokaryotes, plants

59
Q

Archaea (Extreme bacteria)

A

Methanogens
Extreme Halophiles
Extreme Thermophiles

60
Q

Methanogens

A 
-oxygen free environments
where they live:
-swamps
-sewage treatment plants
-gut out of livestock (cows)
61
Q

Extreme Halophiles

A
  • salt loving

- up to 10 minutes saltier then ocean H20

62
Q

Extreme Thermophiles

A

Heat Loving

-love heat

63
Q

Protist

A
  • collection of organisms from many different kingdoms
  • unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
  • Photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs (mixotrophs)
  • many tied to moist environments
64
Q

3 groups of protist

A
  • Ingestive Protist (animal like)
  • Absorptive (fungus-like)
  • Photosynthetic Protist (Plant like)
65
Q

Animal like protist

A
  • crawl using pseudopodia
  • amoeba spp.
  • testate amoebas
66
Q

Swim like Flagella

A
  • long whip structures
  • euglena spp.
  • photosynthetic
  • Giardia spp.
  • Trichomonas Vaginalis
67
Q

Swimming using cilia

A
  • shorter, and move numerous then flagella

- Daramecium spp.

68
Q

Fungi-Like protist

A
  • slime molds- way cool!
  • water molds- decomposition in aquatic
  • rust and downy mildews- plant pathogen
69
Q

Plant- like Protist

A
  • Dinoflagellates
  • reddish to brown in color
  • red tides—>toxic—-> increasing due to pollution
  • bioluminescent
70
Q

Diatoms

A
  • test out of silica
  • diatomaceous earth
  • lots of species
71
Q

Algae

A
  • seaweeds

- multicellular

72
Q

Rhodophyta

A

-red algae
-red pigment is good in low light enviroment
Shallow water- appear green
Intermediate- red
Deep water- blackish

73
Q

Algae

A

-Thickens/reduce the size ice crystals
-carrageen
red algae called irish moss
-Alginate
brown algae calling kelp

74
Q

Phaeophyta

A
  • brown algae
  • kelp
  • Agar for growing bacteria
75
Q

Chloraphyta

A
  • Green algae

- closet living relatives to plants

76
Q

Mitosis

A

clones

77
Q

Meiosis

A

reduction division (cut # of chromosomes in half)

78
Q

Alternation of Generations

A
  • Alternate between multicellular diploid stage called Sporophyte.
  • multicellular haploid stage called gametophyte

Biology 120 Exam 3 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions