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Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a specialized cell

A

cells designed to carry out a particular role in the body,

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2
Q

what is differentiation

A

the process by which a cell changes to become more specialised for its job

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3
Q

what happens to the ability of differentiation to an animal cell when it gets older

A

it is lost

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4
Q

what are stem cells in already mature animals used for

A

to repair and replace cells

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5
Q

which cells are usually replaced or repaired in animals

A

blood and skin cells

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6
Q

what is the difference between adult and embryonic stem cells

A

adult stem cell ability to differentiate is limited while an embryonic stem cells ability is not

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7
Q

where in plants are stem cells found

A

the meristem

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8
Q

what can plant stem cells do that animal stem cells can’t

A

they can differentiate throughout their whole life

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9
Q

what can these plant stem cells be used for

A

they can grow more plants of rare species
they can be used to produce plant clones quickly and cheaply
grow plants with more desired features

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10
Q

What are chromosomes

A

coiled up lengths of DNA

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11
Q

what do chromosomes carry

A

genes

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12
Q

what do genes control

A

development of different characteristics

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13
Q

how many chromosomes are there

A

23

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14
Q

how many copies of each chromosome does each body cell have

A

2

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15
Q

what are the stages of the cell cycle

A

Growth and DNA Replication
Mitosis

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16
Q

what happens in a cell that’s dividing

A

it increases the amount of sub-cellular structures E.G. Mitochondria and ribosomes

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17
Q

what happens to the DNA in a cell that’s dividing

A

it gets duplicated so there’s on copy for each new cell

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18
Q

what happens to the cell in mitosis

A

1.chromosome’s move to centre of cell

2.cell fibres pull them apart

3.two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends

4.membranes form around each chromosome

  1. each set of chromosomes become nucleuses
  2. cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
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19
Q

what controls the rate of chemical reactions

A

enzymes

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20
Q

what are enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

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21
Q

How do enzymes work

A

they work using the lock and key method
the enzyme has an active site
substrate fits into active site
substrate splits into products which leave the active site
enzyme ready to use

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22
Q

how were drugs traditionally obtained

A

plants or microorganisms known as moulds

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23
Q

examples of drugs from plants

A

digitalis
digoxin
aspirin

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24
Q

what is digitalis and digoxin used for

A

strengthen heartbeat

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25
how are most drugs made now
most are synthesised in a lab by chemists
26
What is the purpose of the nervous system
To detect and respond to stimuli
27
What organs are in the central nervous system
the spinal cord and the brain
28
What are sensory neurones
The neurones that carry electrical impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system
29
What are motor neurones
neurones that carry electrical impulses from central nervous system to the effectors
30
What are effectors
all the muscles and glands that respond to nervous impulses
31
What are receptors
Cells that detect stimuli
32
What receptors are in the eye
light receptors
33
What is the connection between two neurones called
synapse
34
How is the nerve signal transferred between two neurones
chemicals diffuse across the gap chemicals set off new signal once reached other neurone
35
What are hormones
Chemical messengers that travel in the blood that target specific organs
36
What qualities do hormones have
slower effects the effects last for a long time the effects act in a more general way
37
What qualities do nerves have
the effects are quicker the effects last for a short amount of time the effects act on a precise area
38
What are some examples of endocrine glands
pituitary gland ovaries thyroid testes adrenal gland pancreas
39
What hormone do the ovaries produce
oestrogen
40
How does oestrogen affect the body
causes the lining of the uterus to grow stimulates the release of LH Inhibits the release of FSH
41
How does FSH affect the body
causes egg to mature in follicle stimulates ovaries into producing oestrogen
42
Where is FSH produced
pituitary gland
43
How does LH affect the body
stimulates the release of an egg at day 14
44
Where is LH produced
produced by the pituitary gland
45
How does progesterone affect the body
maintains lining of uterus during the second half of the cycle inhibits the release of LH and FSH
46
What hormone does the thyroid produce
thyroxine
47
How does thyroxine affect the body
thyroxine regulates metabolism stimulation of protein synthesis for development
48
What hormone does the adrenal gland produce
adrenaline
49
How does adrenaline affect the body
puts you into flight or fight mode
50
What hormones are produced by the pancreas
insulin and glucagon
51
How does insulin affect the body
reduces the amount of glucose in the blood
52
How does glucagon affect the body
increases the amount of glucose in the blood
53
how does insulin remove glucose from the blood stream
it causes excess glucose to move from the blood to the liver and muscle cells by telling all cells to absorb glucose which is then stored as glycogen
54
How does glucagon add glucose to the blood stream
causes stored glycogen in the liver and muscle cells to be converted back to glucose and move back into the bloodstream
55
What does genotype mean
The genotype is the collection of alleles that determine an organism's characteristics.
56
what does phenotype mean
the phenotype is the physical characteristics that an organism displays
57
What is it called when someone has two different alleles
Heterozygous
58
what is it called when someone has two alleles that are the same
homozygous
59
What is an Allele
A variation of a gene
60
What is homeostasis
The process of maintaining a stable internal environment
61
What is meiosis
the cell division in which gametes are produced
62
What are the steps of Meiosis
Chromosomes are duplicated and then arrange themselves in pair **first division** **-** chromosomes line up at centre of cell in pairs then are pulled apart so each new cell only has one copy of each chromosome**-** the cell has some of the fathers and some of the mothers chromosomes **second division** **-** chromosomes line up at centre of cell and are then pulled apart at the arms to create 4 new gametes
63
How is Meiosis different from Mitosis
You get four gametes gametes are genetically different from each other Each only have half the amount of chromosomes
64
What is Active transport
The process in which molecules move from an area of high concentration move to an area of low concentration across a cell membrane
65
What is the disadvantage of Active transport
It requires energy from the cell to work.
66
What does the peripheral nervous system contain
All the nerve cells that carry information to or from the CNS
67
What things do all control systems need
Receptors Coordination centers- brain, spinal cord, pancreas- they receive and process information around the body Effectors
68
What is another name for nerve cells
Neurones
69
What is a bundle of neurones called
A nerve
70
What are the three main types of neurons
Sensory, Motor, Relay
71
What is the nerve path from an Receptor to an Effector
Receptor--> sensory neurone--> relay neurone--> CNS--> relay neurone--> Motor neurone--> effector
72
What are sensory organs
Sensory organs are organs that contain receptors that respond to specific stimuli
73
What are some examples of sensory organs and their stimuli's
Skin- touch, pain, temp Tongue- chemicals in food and drink Nose- chemicals in air Eye- light Ears- sound and position of head
74
What is a reflex action
Automatic and rapid response to a stimulus
75
What is a reflex arc
The nerve pathway followed by a reflex action
76
Where are relay neurons located
The spinal cord
77
How do your automatic control systems keep your internal environment stable
They keep our internal environment stable through a mechanism called negative feedback
78
What is negative feedback
When the level of something in the body gets too high or low the body will get the effectors to produce a response to counteract the change and restore the optimum level of the thing
79
What is type 1 diabetes
When the pancreas produces little to no insulin
80
What is type 2 diabetes
When a person becomes resistant to their own insulin- body produces insulin but cells don't respond properly to hormone
81
What is the development of new species called
Speciation
82
What is the main problem of selective breeding
it reduces the gene pool- could lead to inbreeding + less variation in genes in population
83
What are the steps of genetic engineering
A useful gene is isolated from one organisms genome using enzymes and is inserted into a vector The vector is usually a virus or bacterial plasmid depending on the type of organism that the gene is being transferred to When the vector is introduced to the target organism, the useful gene is inserted into its cells
84
Who proposed the three domain system
Carl Woese
85
When was the three domain system proposed
1990
86
What are the three domains of the three domain system
Archaea- primitive bacteria- a group of micro-organisms that are similar to, but evolutionarily distinct from bacteria. Bacteria- true bacteria- often look like Archaea but have lots of different biomechanical processes Eukaryotes-organisms whose cell has a nucleus- fungi, plants, animals and protists(single celled eukaryotes)
87
In the Linnaean system how are animals separated/ grouped
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
88
What are abiotic factors
Factors that are not alive
89
What are biotic factors
Factors that are alive
90
What are some examples of abiotic factors
Moisture level light intensity Temperature Carbon dioxide level
91
What are some examples of biotic features
New predators increase in competition new pathogens

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