Biology 1306 Exam 2 Flashcards
(25 cards)
what takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other sub cellular structures from one another
CELL FRACTIONATION
the type of cell WITH a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles (protists, plants, and animals)
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
the type of cell LACKING a membrane- enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles (Bacteria and Archaea)
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
what are the structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells performing functions?
- The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
- the endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture, distribution, and the breakdown of molecules
- Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in the energy processing
- Structural support, movement, and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane and the cell wall.
What are the differences between animal and plant cells?
- Animal cells have centrioles, centrosomes and lysosomes
- Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmadesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole
What is the path of protein transport after its synthesis at rough ER?
ROUGH ER > GOLGI > SECRETORY VESICLES > CELL EXTERIOR
Proteins are transported in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus, where they are further processed and sorted for transport to lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion from the cell.
What are the characteristics of the integral membrane proteins?
Integral membrane protein have at least one transmembrane domain that crosses the lipid bilayer. TM domain are naturally enriched in a polar amino acids that allow a smooth insertion in the apolar phase of the lipid layer
what are the role of fatty acids in permeability of membranes?
Shorter chain lengths and higher unsaturated fatty acids increase the membranes permeability; building blocks of cell membrane; serves as storage materials in cells; fatty acids derivatives are involved in cell signaling
are winter wheat able to survive and grow in cold temperatures? why?
yes. because it contains a specialized cell membrane that remains fluid even in extreme cold. The fluidity is due to the increased proportion of unsaturated phosolipids in the membrane
what is the fluid mosaic model?
the fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components-
how are membranes different from each other?
some membranes have a hydro-phobic surface exposed to the cytoplasm, while others have a hydrophilic surface facing the cytoplasm
Transporting polar, non polar, and ions across a membrane
the process requires the input of energy. Polar molecules and ions are transported across membranes through a protein channel in the direction of lower to higher concentration
Distinguish between an open and closed system
An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings (the stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air
A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings
What are the laws of thermodynamics?
- energy cannot be created or destroyed
- the entropy of the universe increases
- a perfect crystal at zero Kelvin has zero entropy
Explain the Enzyme substrate interaction
- the enzyme and the substrate are in the same area. Some situations have more than one substrate molecule that the enzyme will change.
- the enzyme grabs on to the substrate at a special area called the active site.
- a process called catalysis happens
- the enzymes releases the product.
what are the different kinds of enzymatic inhibition?
Competitive, noncompetitive, and uncompetitive.
What are the net results of glycolysis
Glycolysis starts with one molecule of glucose and ends with two pyruvate (pyrutic acid) molecules, a total of four ATP molecules of NADH
name of the products and primary features of Pyruvate Oxidation
The reactants are pyruvate, NADH+ and coenzyme A and the pyruvate oxidation products are acetyl, coA, NADH, carbonn dioxide, and a hydrogen ion. It is highly exergonic and irreversible reaction, meaning the change in free energy is negative.
What are the roles of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Oxygen serves as a final electron acceptor of the ETC in cellular respiration facilitating the movement of electrons down a chain, resulting in the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
linear electron flow in light reaction
in linear electron flow (LEF), the PS’s function in series and electrons are transferred all the way from water to NADPH with concomitant production of NADPH and ATP.
functions of thylakoid membrane production of ATP in photosynthesis
the principal functions of thylakoids are the trapping of light energy and the transduction of this energy into the chemical energy forms– ATP/ NADPH
Chemiomosis is present in cellular respiration and photosynthesis
Chemiomosis is the movement of protons from the inner to the outer compartment of mitochondrial membranes via specific channels.
oxygen production during photosynthesis
oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis electron transport when water is split by the oxygen – evolving complex to provide protons and electrons to the chloroplastic electron chain
Action potential
action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls. Basic events the nerve cells use to transmit information from one place to another.
