biology Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
uncondensed DNA
A
chromatin
2
Q
condensed DNA
A
chromosomes
3
Q
a chromosome consisting of two identical strands of DNA condensed at a centromere
A
sister chromatids
4
Q
what is the cell cycle?
A
the three stages in which a cell grows and divides
5
Q
diffusion occurs blank and blank
A
-within a cell: substances produced by one organelle travel to other organelles by diffusing through cytoplasm
-across the cell membrane: oxygen is transported by blood, the concentration of oxygen outside the cell is greater than inside the cell, oxygen molecules diffuse through the cell membrane
6
Q
does not effect surrounding tissues, apart from physically crowding them
A
benign tumour
7
Q
interferes with eh functioning of the surrounding cells, a cancerous tumour
A
malignant tumour
8
Q
what are the two main techniques used to detect and diagnose cancer?
A
imaging technologies (x-rays) and examining cells (blood tissue cells from biopsy)
9
Q
removal of cancerous tissue to prevent it from spreading
A
surgery
10
Q
drugs are injected or taken orally that slow or stop the cancer from dividing and spreading.
A
chemotherapy
11
Q
directed at the tumour so the cells cannot divide
A
radiation
12
Q
a random change in the DNA that controls cell division
A
mutation
13
Q
DNA may contain information that leads to cancer
A
hereditary
14
Q
environmental factor that causes cancer
A
carcinogen
15
Q
cell that can preform a specific function
A
specialized cell
16
Q
what are the 3 main reasons for cell division?
A
growth, repair, reproduction
17
Q
what is the cell theory (3)?
A
-all living things are composed of one or more cells and their products
-the cell is the basic unit of life
-all cells come from pre-existing cells
18
Q
what is a prokaryotic cell?
A
a very basic cell that does not contain a nucleus or DNA enzymes. bacteria cell (pro=no)
19
Q
what is a eukaryotic cell?
A
the most basic cell that contains a nucleus, nucleus membrane and organelles. plant and animal cells
20
Q
explain interphase (5).
A
-no division
-cell grows and makes energy
-cellular respiration
-more organelles are formed
-cell prepares to divide
21
Q
explain telophase (4).
A
-mitosis #4
-chromosomes reach opposite ends
-nuclear membrane reappears
-chromosomes become invisible
22
Q
explain cytokinesis.
A
cytoplasm and organelles divide
23
Q
explain prophase (5).
A
-mitosis #1
-long stands of DNA condense (chromosomes)
-each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids
-chromatids are attached by centromere
-nuclear membrane fades away
24
Q
explain metaphase (3).
A
-mitosis #2
-double stranded chromosome called chromatids lined up across middle
-spindle fibre extend from centriole to centromeres
25
explain anaphase.
-mitosis #3
-centriole splits
-sister chromatids separate (now called daughter chromosomes)
-chromosomes move to the opposite end of cells
26
what is nerve tissue?
specialized cells, that conduct and receive electrical signals from all parts of the body
27
what is the function of muscle tissue?
movement and posture
28
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
29
a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the concentration of skeletal parts
skeletal muscle
30
involuntary type found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels
smooth muscle
31
found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature
cardiac muscle
32
what are the 3 major functions of epithelial tissue?
protection, secretion, and absorption
33
what is epithelial tissue?
cells that cover the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities
34
what are the 4 functions of connective tissue?
support, protection, transportation and binding
35
what are 3 types of connective tissue?
-loose connective tissue
-fibrous connective tissue
-adipose tissue (fat tissue)
36
where is loose connective tissue found?
around and between organs
37
where is fibrous connective tissue found?
in tendons and ligaments
38
explain the function of the mouth (digestive system)
-breaks down food mechanically with teeth and tongue
-adds saliva which softens the food, and enzymes (amylase) that chemically breaks apart the molecules of food
39
explain the function of the esophagus (digestive system)
-connects the mouth to the stomach
-muscles in the esophagus contract to move the food along through a process called PERISTASIS
40
explain the function of the stomach (digestive system)
-to hold food and churn it (mechanical digestion)
-mixes it with acids and enzymes (pepsin) which continues the process of digestion (chemical digestion)
41
explain the function of the small intestine (digestive)
-chemical digestion continues with the help of pancreatic juice
-nutrients from food diffuse though the wall of the intestine (VILLI) into the bloodstream
42
explain the function of the large intestine (digestive)
-absorbs water from the indigestible food
-vitamins K and B are produced
43
explain the function of the anus (digestive)
excretes the remaining solid matter as waste
44
explain the function of the liver (digestive)
produces bile, a salt solution that breaks down fat to small fat droplets (to be digested better in small intestine)
45
explain the function of the gall bladder (digestion)
stores bile
46
explain the function of the pancreas (digestion)
-produces pancreatic juice (many enzymes ex. insulin) and sodium bicarbonate
-insulin regulates the concentration of glucose in the blood
-sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the acidity of stomach acid
47
what is the entire length of the digestive system lined with?
epithelial tissue
48
what 4 processes are carried out by the digestive system?
ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
49
the method of moving air in and out of the lungs
breating
50
what is cilia?
microscopic hair that line the trachea and bronchi that sweep back and forth, collecting dust and other foreign particles
51
what is the respiratory system?
provides oxygen to the body and allows carbon dioxide to leave the body
52
what are the alveoli?
-tiny air sacs in the lungs surrounded by a network of capillaries
-where gas exchange takes place between air and blood
53
what is the nervous system divided into?
the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
54
what is the central nervous system?
-consists of the brain and the spinal cord
-it is protected from damage by bones
55
what is the peripheral nervous system?
-consists of the nerves that connect the body to the central nervous system
-relays instructions about the internal and external environment to the brain
56
what is the brain and spinal cord surrounded by?
cerebrospinal fluid
57
a basic nerve call consists of what?
a cell body, an axon, and many dendrites
58
what is a motor nerve? (peripheral nervous system)
connected to voluntary muscles
59
what is a sensory nerve? (peripheral nervous system)
carries information from the sensory organs to the brain
60
what in an involuntary nerve? (peripheral nervous system)
regulates functions ad breathing, heartbeat, and digestion (involuntary muscles)
61
what are neurons?
-special cells that make up nerve tissue
-sends information around your body by conducting electrical signals from one part of the body to another
62
what is myelin?
a fatty material that covers neurons which acts like insolation on electrical wire
63
what are dendrites? (nervous system)
thread-like branches that increase the surface area of the cell making it possible to receive many connections with adjoining nerve cells
64
what are Schwann cells? (nervous system)
supply the myelin for peripheral neurons
65
what is an axon? (nervous system)
signals picked up by dendrites travel through the cell and continue along the axon the where they are transmitted to the next cell
66
what is a myelin sheath? (nervous system)
usually around only the axon of a neutron is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system
67
what are the main functions of the nervous system?
communication dn coordination
68
what tissues is the heart made up of?
cardiac muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue
69
what is the function of the heart? (cardiovascular system)
works as a pump that pushes blood to the organs, tissues, and cells of your body
70
what is the function of blood? (cardiovascular)
-delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell and removes the carbon dioxide and waste products made by those cells
-regulates body temperature
-transports disease fighting white blood cells
71
what makes up the cardiovascular system?
the heart, blood, and blood vessels
72
explain arteries. (cardiovascular)
-carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
-are under greater pressure than blood in other blood vessels
-walls are thicker than in other blood vessels
73
explain veins. (cardiovascular)
-carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart
-are under less pressure than blood in other blood vessels
-walls are not as thick as arteries
-they contain valves to prevent the back flow of blood
74
explain capillaries. (cardiovascular)
-link arteries and veins
-very thin walls that allow substances to diffuse between the blood and other tissue
-oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the blood to tissues while carbon dioxide and other waste diffuse from the tissue to the blood to be carried away for disposal
75
what are platelets? (cardiovascular)
small cells that make less than 1% of blood by volume. helps blood clot, seal wounds, and stop bleeding
76
what are red blood cells? (cardiovascular)
make up half of the blood volume. they are red due to hemoglobin, a protein that picks up oxygen and carbon dioxide, and lack nuclei
77
what are white blood cells? (cardiovascular)
make up less than 1% of blood by volume. fight and destroy disease-causing bacteria and viruses
78
what is plasma? (cardiovascular)
protein rich liquid in which blood cells float. it makes about half the blood by volume. carries blood cells, dissolved waste, nutrients and hormones
79
what does the musculoskeletal system consist of?
the muscular system and the skeletal system
80
the muscular system contain of muscles that:
-provides stability
-bodily movements
-internal movements of substances within the body
81
what are the functions of the skeletal system?
-support body and protect delicate organs
-aid in movements
-store nutrients and produce blood cells
82
the skeletal system consists of different types of what tissue?
connective tissue: bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage
83
what are bones? (musculoskeletal system)
-rigid and dense tissue which contains living cells and non-living minerals (calcium & phosphorus)
-canals in bones contain nerves and blood vessels
84
what are ligaments? (musculoskeletal system)
-tough and elastic connective tissues that hold bones together at the joint
-made up of collagen fibres (non-living), so regeneration after an injury is more difficult
85
what is cartilage? (musculoskeletal system)
-dense connective tissue that provides strong, flexible, low friction support for bones
-made of special cells, surrounded by collages fibres
-limited regeneration following injury
-located where bones contact each other
86
what are muscles? (musculoskeletal system)
-muscle tissue that consists of long bundles of cells (muscle fibres)
-muscles get shorter and thicker as they contract
-skeletal muscle is attached to bones by tendons to allow for movement of body parts
-muscle cells and tissue can contract, causing the bones to move
-skeletal muscles are controlled by the brain and are considered voluntary muscles because they operate with a person's awareness
87
what are stem cells?
cells that are undifferentiated, meaning that they do not have a specific function
88
what are enzymes?
proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies
89
a thick, rigid layer of cellulose used to support plant cells
cell wall
90
the organelle in plants that converts sunlight into energy (sugar) in the process called photosynthesis. contain green pigment chlorophyl.
chloroplasts
91
what is asexual reproduction?
the process of producing offsprings from only one parent (offsprings are genetically identical to parent)
92
what is sexual reproduction?
the process of producing offsprings from the fusion of two gametes (half cell's from DNA of each parent) offsprings have genetic information from each parent
93
involved in digestion and waste removal
lysosomes
94
the movement of water across a membrane towards an area of high concentration
osmosis
95
the number of molecules of a substance in a given volume
concentration
96
the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until all particles are evenly distributed
diffusion
97
a double layer of fats and protein. semi-permeable, controls what enters and exits a cell (diffusion and active transport)
cell membrane
98
the fluid within a cell that contains all organelles. stores nutrients and transports molecules around in a jelly like liquid
cytoplasm
99
this organelle is the powerhouse or energy provider. it converts sugar and oxygen into energy and waste. this is called cellular respiration which occurs in both plant and animal cells. active cells (muscle cells) have more.
mitochondria
100
the site to protein synthesis in cells. proteins are building blocks of cells and systems.
ribosomes
101
a cell structure that preforms a specific function
organelle
102
master organelle. contains genetic information (DNA) stored in chromosomes and directs cell actions
nucleus
103
tubes that branch off the nucleus. a transportation system that moves proteins from ribosomes through the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
104
used for storage, process and removal of materials (proteins). makes and secretes mucus.
Golgi bodies / apparatus
