Biology Flashcards
(295 cards)
1
Q
Hierarchical organizational system for nomenclature order
A
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
2
Q
Scientific method
A
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Scientific process
3
Q
Carbohydrates are
A
Polymers (sugars)
4
Q
What are the functions of carbohydrates
A
Storage
Structure
Energy
5
Q
What is the backbone of carbohydrates
A
DNA and RNA
6
Q
Lipids are better known as
A
Fats
7
Q
Lipids are specifically
A
Fatty acids
Phospholipids
Steroids
8
Q
What categories are fatty acids grouped in?
A
Saturated fats
Unsaturated fats
9
Q
Saturated fats contain
A
No double bonds in their hydrocarbon tail
10
Q
Unsaturated fats contain
A
One or more double bonds
11
Q
Saturated fats are
A
Solids
Cardiovascular problems are likely associated with diets containing high quantities of saturated fats
12
Q
Unsaturated fats are
A
Liquids at room temperature
13
Q
Phospholipids consist of
A
Two fatty acids of varying length bonded to a phosphate group
14
Q
How is the phosphate group in water
A
It is charged and, therefore, polar and soluble in water
15
Q
The hydrocarbon tail in fatty acids are
A
No polar and non-soluble in water
16
Q
What is the significant contributor to proteins
A
Cellular function
17
Q
DNA
A
A unique molecule specific to a particular organism and contains the code that is necessary for replication
18
Q
RNA
A
Used in transfer of information from DNA to protein level and as a messenger in most species of the genetic code
19
Q
Metabolism
A
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism
20
Q
Metabolic pathways
A
In a cell, reactions take pace in a series of steps, progressing from a standpoint of high energy to low energy. All reactions are catalyzed by the use of enzymes
21
Q
What is the fundamental unit of biology
A
The cell
22
Q
What are the 2 types of cells
A
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
23
Q
What do prokaryotic cells lack
A
Lack a defined nucleus and do not contain membrane-bound organelles
24
Q
Eukaryotic cells
A
Have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and a series of membrane-bound organelles that carry out the functions of the cell
More complex of the 2 cells
25
Chromosomes
Contains the DNA of the cellin organized masses
26
Ribosomes
Organelles that read the RNA produced in the nucleus and translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins.
27
Endoplasmic reticulum
Membranousorganelle found attached to the nuclear membrane and consists of 2 continuous parts
28
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Its responsible for protein synthesisand membrane production
29
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Lacks ribosomes
It functions in the detoxification and metabolism of multiple molecules
30
Golgi apparatus
Transports proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell
31
Lysosomes
Intracellular digestion takes place
Packed with hydrolytic enzymes
Can hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars,and nucleic acids
Normally contain anacidio environment (around ph 4.5)
32
Vacuoles
Membrane-enclosed structures
33
Phagocytosis
Uptake food through the cell membrane, creating a food vacuole
34
Functions for plant cells that have a central vacuole
Storage
Waste disposal
Protection
Hydrolysis
35
Mitochondria
Found in eukaryotic cells
The site of cellular respiration
36
Chloroplasts
Found in plants
The site of photosynthesis
37
What is the most important component of acell
Cellular membrane
38
Functions of cellular membrane
Protection
Communication
Passage of substances into and out of the cell
39
Cellular membrane
Consists of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins peppered throughout
40
Energy currency of the cell
ATP
41
NADH
Acts as a reducing agent and is a vehicle of stored energy
Used as a precursor to produce greater amounts of ATP in the final steps of respiration
42
Glycolysis
First step in the metabolism of food to cellular energy is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate
43
Glycolysis
Takes place in the cytosol of the cell and produces two molecules of ATP, private, and NADH each
44
Citric acid cycle
Also called the krebs cycle
In step two, pyruvate is transported into a mitochondria and used in the first of a series of reactions
Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion
For a single consumed glucose molecule, two ATP molecules, six molecules of Carbon dioxide, and six NADH molecules are produced
45
Electron transport chain
The third step begins with the oxidation of the NADH molecules to produce oxygen and finally to produce water in a series of steps
46
Electron transport chain
For every glucose molecule, 28 to 32 ATP molecules can be produced.
This conversion resultsin overall ATP production numbers of 32 to 36 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule consumed
47
Photosynthesis
It began with a glucose molecule and resulted in a large production of energy in the form of ATP. A precursor to the glucose molecule is produced in a process called
48
Cells reproduce by 3 different processes, all of which fall into two categories:
Asexual and sexual reproduction
49
What are the 2 types of asexual reproduction
Binary fission and mitosis
50
Involves bacterial cell
The chromosome binds to the plasma membrane where it replicates.
Then as the cell grows, it pinches in two, producing two identical cells
Binary fission
51
This process of cell division occurs in 5 stages
The stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Mitosis
52
This process of cell division occurs in five stages before pinching in two in a process called
Cytokinesis
53
During what stage of mitosis does the chromosomes are visibility separate, and each duplicated chromosome has two noticeable sister chromatids.
Prophase
54
The nuclear envelop begins to disappear, and the chromosomes begin to attach to the spindle that is forming along the axis of the cell
Prometaphase
55
All the chromosomes align along the center of the cell
Metaphase
56
Chromosomes start to separate, and the chromatids are considered separate chromosomes
Anaphase
57
Chromosomes gather on either side of the now separating cell
Telophase
58
The cell pinches in two, forming two separate identical cells
Cytokinesis
59
Two cells contribute genetic material, resulting in significantly greater variation. These two cells find and fertilize each other randomly, making it virtually impossible for cells to be alike
Sexual reproduction
60
The process that determines how reproductive cells divide in a sexually reproducing organism
Meiosis
61
Meiosis consists of two distinct stages:
Result in 4 daughter cells
Meiosis 1 and meiosis 2
62
Each of these daughter cells contains half as many chromosomes as the parent. Preceding these events is a period called:
Interphase
63
During this phase, the chromosomes are duplicated and the cell prepares for division
Interphase
64
There are two alternative versions of a gene called:
Alleles
65
Two types of of genes are
Dominant and recessive
66
If both of the alleles are the same type, the gene is
Homozygous
67
If the genes are different types, the organism is said to be:
Heterozygous
68
This is the genetic material of a cell and is the vehicle of inheritance
DNA
69
Watson and Crick describe this structure. They described a double helical structure that contains the four nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
DNA
70
Each gene along a strand of DNA is a template for protein synthesis
Transcription
71
A RNA strand, complementary to the original strand of DNA, is produced
Messenger RNA
mRNA
72
MRNA functions as a messenger from the original DNA helix in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytosol or on the rough ER. Here, the ribosome acts as the site of what?
Translation
73
The mRNA slides through the ribosome. Every group of three bases along the stretch of RNA is called a
Codon
74
Carries a specific amino acid. It binds to the ribosome when its codon is sliding through the ribosome.
Transfer RNA
tRNA
75
The chain is released into the cytoplasm and the protein folds onto itself and forms its complete conformation
Stop codon
76
Provides a baseline reference point for areas of the body. The body is erect, the feet are slightly apart, the head is held high, the arms are at the side, and the palms of the hands are facing forward.
Anatomical position
77
Divides the body into right and left sides
Sagittal
78
Divides the body into equal right and left halves
Midsagittal
79
Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
Frontal
Coronal
80
Divides the body into superior and inferior sections
Transverse
Horizontal
81
Superior
Above
82
Inferior
Below
83
Anterior
Front
84
Posterior
Toward the back
85
Medial
Toward the midline
86
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment of the extremity of the trunk
87
Distal
Farther away from the point of attachment of the extremity of the trunk
88
Superficial
Closer to or at the surface of the body
89
Deep
Further into the body
90
Includes the cranial and spinal cavity
Dorsal Cavity
91
Includes the thoracic and a domino pelvic cavities
Ventral cavity
92
The study of cells
Cytology
93
The basic unit of life, and the building block of tissues and organs
Cell
94
What are the major parts of a cell?
Plasma membrance, cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles
95
What synthesizes proteins
Ribosomes
96
What has ribosomes for synthesizing proteins
Rough ER
97
What synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
Smooth ER
98
What packages substances from the ER
Golgi apparatus
99
What synthesizes ATP and is the powerhouse of cells
Mitochondria
100
What is the body’s energy molecule
ATP
101
What digests molecules such as pathogens and worn out cell parts
Lysosomes
102
What is necessary for growth and repair. In this process of cell division, DNA is duplicated and distributed evenly to two identical daughter cells
Mitosis
103
The special cell division that takes place in the gonads, which are the ovaries and testes
Meiosis
104
The study of tissues
Histology
105
What is a group of cells that act together to perform specific functions
Tissues
106
What are the 4 types of tissues
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nervous
107
This type of tissue covers, lines, and protects the body, and its internal organs
Epithelial
108
This is the most abundant tissue in the body. It forms the framework of the body, providing support and structure for the organs. Includes fibrous, bone, cartilage, and blood
Connective tissue
109
What types of tissues are fibrous tissue
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Dense
110
Is composed of neurons, which initiate and conduct nerve impulses
Nervous tissue
111
Initiate and conduct nerve impulses and connective tissue cells
Support the neurons
Neuroglia
112
Has the ability to contract or shorten, as well as to lengthen.Classified as voluntary or involuntary
Muscle tissue
113
What types of tissue are voluntary in muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle
114
What types of tissue are involuntary in muscle tissue
Smooth
Cardiac
115
Consists of the skin and its structures and organs such as hair, nails, and sensory receptors
Integumentary system
116
The outermost protective layer made of dead, keratinized epithelial cells
Epidermis
117
The underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and the associated skin structures.
Dermis
118
The dermis rests on the subcutaneous tissue. It connects the skin to the underlying muscles and bones
Hypodermis
Superficial fascia
119
Layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulisum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum/ stratum basale
120
Waterproofs the skin
Keratin
121
produce the pigment melanin, which darkens the skin to protect against radiation from the sun
Melanocytes
122
Are most widely distributed and regulate body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin
Eccrine sweat glands
123
Mainly found in the axilla and inguinal regions. This sweat is thicker because it contains bots of cytoplasm from the secreting cells . This cell debris attracts bacteria, and the presence of the bacteria on the skin results in body odor
Apocrine sweat glands
124
Releases an oily secretion called sebum through hair follicles, it lubricates the skin and prevents drying. These glands are susceptible to becoming clogged and attracting bacteria, particularly during adolescence, resulting in acne.
Sebaceous glands
125
Functions of the skeletal system are
Support
Movement
Blood cell formation (hemopoiesis)
Protection of internal organs
Provision of muscle attachment sites
Mineral storage, especially calcium and phosphorus
126
What are the two types of bone tissue
Compact
Spongy
127
Compact bone tissue
Dense tissue
128
Spongy bone tissue
Cancellous
129
Forms the outer layer of the all bones
Compact bone
130
Contains a latticework of plates of bone with spaces in between; this latticework is called trabeculae
Spongy bone
131
Fills the spaces and it the site of hemopoiesis
Red bone marrow
132
Cells that form bone tissue
Osteoblasts
133
They become fixed in the dense bone matrix, then stop dividing but continue to maintain bone tissue
Osteocytes
134
break down bone tissue
Osteoclasts
135
What bones are classified by shape
Long
Short
Flat
Sesamoid
Irregular
136
Has an epiphysis at each end of bone. Is the site of bone growth in length
Long bone
137
Shaft of long bone
Diaphysis
138
Composed mainly of compact bone surrounding a hollow center
Filled with yellow marrow or fat
Medullary cavity
139
Consists of the skull, vertebral column, 12 pairs of ribs, and sternum
Axial skeleton
140
Includes the should and hip girdles, and the extremities
Appendicular skeleton
141
Produce movement by contracting in response to nervous stimulation
Muscles
142
Each muscle cell, or ,uncle fiber, consists of myofibrils divided into segments called
Sarcomeres
143
What contains the myofilament actin, a thin protein, and myosin, a thick protein
Sacromeres
144
The myosin binds to the actin, and pulls it toward the center of the sarcomere
Sliding filament model
145
What is it called when a muscle performs a given movement
Agonist
Prime mover
146
What is it called when a muscle produces the opposite movement of the agonist or prime mover?
Antagonist
147
Other muscles that work in cooperation with the prime mover are called
Synergists
148
Reduces the angle at a joint
Flexor
149
Increase the angle of a joint
Extensors
150
Draw a limb away from the midline
Abductors
151
Return the limb back toward the body
Adductors
152
Consists of the brain, spinal cords, and the nerves
Nervous system
153
Comprises the spinal cord and brain
CNS
Central nervous system
154
Composed of all other nerves in the body, namely cranial nerves and peripheral nerves.
PNS
155
The PNS is further divided into the
Somatic nervous system
156
Involves the skin, muscles, bones, and joints
Somatic nervous system
157
Controls the functions such as digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, and urination
Autonomic nervous system
158
The two divisions of the autonomic system are the
Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division
159
Rest and digest
Parasympathetic system
160
Fight or flight
Sympathetic system
161
Enables perception (seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and touching) of many of the changes that take place in the external and internal environments, and response to those changes
Responsible for thinking, reasoning, remembering, and carrying out other abstract activities.
Initiates body movements by skeletal muscles by supplying them with nerve impulses that cause contraction
Works closely with the endocrine glands, correlating and integrating body functions such as digestion and reproduction
The nervous system
162
The functional units of the nervous system
Neurons
Nerve cells
163
The main parts of a neuron are
Axon
Cell body
Dendrites
164
What transmit the impulse toward the cell body
Dendrites
165
What transmits the impulse away from the cell body
Axons
166
What transmits nerve impulses toward the CNS
Sensory neurons (afferent)
167
What transmits nerve impulse away from the CNS toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands, and digestive organs
Motor neurons (efferent)
168
What are the four main parts of the brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
169
Associated with sensory interpretation, movement, thinking, and personality
Cerebrum
170
Responsible for muscular coordination
Cerebellum
171
Contains the thalamus, which routes incoming sensory information to the appropriate part of the cerebrum, and the hypothalamus
Diencephalon
172
Monitors many of the conditions of the body, controls the autonomic nervous system, and interacts with the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
173
Controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate
Brainstem
174
What is approximately 18 inches long and extends from the Brainstem to the first or second lumbar vertebra (L1 or L2)
31 pairs of spinal nerves exit this
Spinal cord
175
A quick, automatic response to a stimulus
Nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain
Reflex
Simple spinal reflex
176
Has more long-lasting and widespread effects than the nervous system
Plays important roles in growth and sexual maturation.
Endocrine system
177
Governs the pituitary and is in turn controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood as well as other conditions in the body
Hypothalamus
178
Widely distributed
Grouped together as a system because the main function of each gland is the production of hormones
Endocrine glands
179
These are chemical messengers that control the growth, differentiation, and metabolism of specific target cells
Hormones
180
The two major groups of hormones are
Steroid and nonsteroid hormones
181
These enter the target cells and have a direct effect on the DNA in the nucleus
Steroid hormones
182
These hormones remain at the cell surface and act through a second messenger, usually a substance called adenosine monophosphate, AMP
Nonsteroid hormones
183
What affects cell activity by altering the rate of photo synthesis
Hormones
184
What is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called infundibulum
Pituitary gland
185
The pituitary gland had 2 major portions called
Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
186
Hormones also called tropic hormones
Act mainly on other endocrine glands
Include STH or GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH
Adenohypophysis
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
187
Stimulates growth in all organs
STH
GH
188
Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones
ACTH
189
Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones
TSH
190
Stimulates secretion of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogens in females; stimulates sperm production in males
FSH
191
Triggers ovulation in females; stimulates secretion of testosterone in males
LH
192
Hormones released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland are
Oxytocin
ADH
193
Stimulates uterine contractions during labor; stimulates milky ejection from the mammary glands; also known as the bonding hormone
Oxytocin
194
Stimulates retention of water by the kidneys
ADH
195
Secretes thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism, and calcitonin which decreases blood calcium levels
Thyroid gland
196
Secrete parathyroid hormone, which increases blood calcium levels
Parathyroid glands
197
Cortex secrets cortisol, medulla secretes adrenaline, which intensifies the sympathetic response
Adrenal glands
198
Secretes insulin, which decreases blood glucose levels, and glucagon, which increase blood glucose levels
Pancreas
199
Ovaries secrete estrogen, which develop and maintain female sexual characteristics and progesterone, which maintains pregnancy; testes secret testosterone, which develops and maintains male sexual characteristics
Gonads
200
Sometimes called the “stress hormone”
Reduces inflammation
Raises blood sugar levels
Inhibits the release of histamine during long-term stress
Cortisol
201
What transports oxygen, nutrients, enzymes, and hormones to body cells and carries away carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.
Blood
202
Whole blood consists of what?
55% plasma (liquid portion)
45% formed elements (cells and cell fragments)
203
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
204
Leukocytes
White blood cells
205
Thrombocytes
Platelets
206
All the formed elements are produced from stem cells in what?
Red bone marrow
207
What is erythrocytes functions
Transports oxygen
208
Made of protein and iron
Hemoglobin
209
Distinguished on the basis on size, appearance of the nucleus, staining properties, and presence or absence of visible cytoplasmic granules
Leukocytes
210
Agranular leukocytes are
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
211
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are involved in
Phagocytosis, defense against parasites, and inflammation
212
Granular leukocytes are
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
213
Lymphocytes and monocytes are involved in
Antibody production, cellular immune responses, and phagocytosis
214
What is a double pump that sends blood to the lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary circuit, and to the remainder of the body through the systemic circuit.
Deoxygenated blood returning from the body is received by the right atrium, which sends it to the right ventricle
The right ventricle pumps this blood into the pulmonary arteries, which travel to the lungs ad returns to the left atrium of the heart.
The oxygenated blood then enters the left ventricle, which pumps it into the aorta to be transported throughout the body.
Heart
215
What regulates blood flow
Heart valves
216
What is between the right atrium and right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
217
What is between the left ventricle and left atrium
Bicuspid or mitral valve
218
What is between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk (which splits into the pulmonary arteries)
Pulmonary semilunar valve
219
What is between the left ventricle and the aorta
Aortic semilunar valve
220
Supplies the heart muscles (myocardium) by the coronary arteries
Drains from the myocardium directly into the right atrium through the coronary sinus
Blood
221
The heart has an intrinsic beat initiated by what and is transmitted along the conduction system through the myocardium
Sinoatrial node
222
The period from the end of one contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction
Cardiac cycle
223
The contraction phase of the cycles is called
Systole
224
The relaxation phase is called
Diastole
225
Includes arteries that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, veins that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart, and the capillaries
Vascular system
226
The smallest of vesicles
The sites of exchange of water, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues
Capillaries
227
What begins the with aorta, which sends branches to all parts of the body
Systemic arteries
228
As arteries get farther away from the heart, what happens
They get thinner and thinner
229
The smallest arteries are called
Arterioles
230
Small veins are called
Venules
231
What drains blood from the capillaries and send it to the veins
Venules
232
What are the largest veins that empty into the right atrium of the heart
Superior and inferior vena cava
233
The walls are thick and elastic
They carry blood under high pressure
Arteries
234
This results from contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterial walls
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
235
These changes influence blood pressure and blood distribution to the tissues
The walls of the veins are thinner and less elastic than those of the arteries
They carry blood under lower pressure
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
236
What system includes components of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs with their alveoli, diaphragm, and muscles surrounding the ribs
Respiratory system
237
Respiration is controlled by the respiratory control center in the
Brainstem
238
What supplies oxygen to the body and eliminates carbon dioxide
Respiratory system
239
What refers to the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli
External respiration
240
What refers to the exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells
Internal respiration
241
These passageways serve to warm, filter, and moisten incoming air through mucous membranes and the movement of cilia
The upper passageways
242
What requires the contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the thoracic cavity and draw air into the lungs
Inhalation
243
What is a passive process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size
Exhalation
244
What is releases from hemoglobin as the concentration of oxygen drops in the tissues
Oxygen
245
What is carried on hemoglobin cells but most is converted to bicarbonate ion in the blood
Carbon dioxide
246
Since hydrogen bonds are released, carbon dioxide is a regulator of what in the respiratory system
Blood pH
247
What is a tube that consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
Digestive system
248
What are the four main layers in the digestive tract from innermost to outer
Mucous membrane
Submucous layer
Muscular layer
Serous layer
249
What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract
Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder
250
Food is ingested into the mouth where it is mechanically broken down by teeth and tongue in the process of what
Mastication (chewing)
251
What is produced by the 3 pairs of salivary glands, lubricates and dilutes chewed food
Saliva
252
Saliva contains an enzyme called what that starts that digestion of complex carbohydrates
Amylase
253
A ball of food is call
Bolus
254
What is a narrow tube leading from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
255
What enters the stomach where gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid that unwinds proteins so that the enzyme pepsin can digest them. The layers of muscle in the stomach will churn and mix the bolus of food with gastric secretions, turning the mass into a soupy substance called chyme, which enters the small intestine
Food
256
A mass turned into a soupy substance
Chyme
257
The majority of digestion and absorption of food occur in the what
Small intestine
258
What are the 3 major regions that are in the small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
259
What is made by the liver, and stored in the gallbladder, empties into the small intestine to emulsify fats
Bile
260
Secretions from what buffer the acidic chyme from the stomach, and contain enzymes such as lipase that digests fats, amylase that continues carbohydrate digestion, and protein-digesting enzymes
Pancreas
261
This intestine also secretes digestive enzymes that finish digesting carbohydrates into monosaccharides, and protein-digesting enzymes
Small intestine
262
After digestion, what is absorbed through the walls of the small intestine
Nutrients
263
Small finger-like projections
Villi
264
Increase the surface area of the intestinal wall
Villi
265
Most of the fats are absorbed into the lymph also known as
Lacteals
266
Which intestine reabsorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food
Large intestine
267
What is the abundant bacteria in the large intestine called
Intestinal flora
268
What are the 5 portions of the large intestine
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
269
What is the opening for defecation (expelling of feces)
Anus
270
What consists of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a urinary bladder, and the urethra.
Urinary system
271
What filters blood in the urinary system
Kidneys
272
What are tubes that transport urine to the urinary bladder where urine is stored before urination through the urethra to the outside
Ureters
273
What are the functional units of the kidneys
Nephrons
274
What small coiled tubes filters wastes out of the blood brought to the kidney by the renal artery
Nephrons
275
Where does the actually filtration process occur under the force of blood pressure through the glomerulus?
Bowman’s capsule of the nephron
276
As the glomerular filtrate passes through the nephron, components needed by the body, such as water, glucose, and ions, leave the nephron by diffusion and reenter the blood. Water is reabsorbed at the tubules of the nephron. The final product produced by the millions of nephrons per kidney is what?
Urine
277
The male and female sex organs (the testes and ovaries) produce what?
Gametes (sex cells)
278
Reproductive activity is what in women but continuous in men
Cyclic
279
In males, what is developed within the seminiferous tubules of each testis.
Spermatozoa
280
The interstitial fluid between the seminiferous tubules produce what
Testosterone
281
What influences sperm cell development and also produces the male secondary sex characteristics such as increased facial hair and body hair as well as voice deepening.
The male hormone
282
Once produced, sperm is matured and stored in what?
Epididymis of each testis
283
During what is the pathway for the sperm that includes the vas deferens, ejactulatory duct, and the urethra.
Ejaculation
284
Along the pathway are glands that produce the transport medium or semen. These include what?
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
285
Testicular activity is under the control of 2 anterior pituitary hormones that are?
FSH- regulates sperm production
LH- stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone
286
In females, each month, under the influence of FSH, several eggs ripen within the ovarian follicles in what?
Ovary
287
What is produced by the follicle that initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy
Estrogen
288
At approximately day 14 of the cycle, a surge of LH is released from the pituitary gland, which stimulates what?
Ovulation and the conversion of the follicle to the corpus luteum
289
What secretes the hormones progesterone and estrogen, which further stimulate development of the endometrium
Corpus luteum
290
After ovulation, the egg is swept into what
The oviduct or fallopian tube
291
Fertilization occurs in the what?
Oviduct
Fallopian tube
292
If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum remains what
Functional
293
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum
Degenerates and menstruation beings
294
This travels to the uterus and implants itself within the endometrium
Fertilized egg or zygote
295
During pregnancy, hormone from the placenta maintain what
Endometrium and prepare the mammary glands for breast milk production
