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Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What path does blood take from the kidney to the liver?

A
  1. Renal vein
  2. Inferior vena cava
  3. Pulmonary artery
  4. Pulmonary vein
  5. Aorta
  6. Hepatic artery
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2
Q

In what order does the body regulate when there is too little water in the blood?

A
  1. Hypothalamus detects low water in blood
  2. Pituitary gland releases ADH
  3. Kidney affects water level
  4. Urine is more concentrated
  5. Blood water level returns to normal
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3
Q

Is venous or arterial blood more acidic?

A

Venous

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4
Q

What makes one type of blood more acidic than the other?

A

There is more CO2 in blood

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5
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Protein synthesis

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6
Q

Anaerobic cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis (fermentation)

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7
Q

Glycolysis product in plants?

A

Alcohol

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8
Q

Glycolysis product in animals?

A

Lactic acid

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9
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Krebs cycle,
Electron transport chain

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10
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

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11
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores

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12
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

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13
Q

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

A

Meiosis:
- 2 cell divisions
- Homologous chromosomes pair up on cell’s equator
- In anaphase 1, sister chromatids are still paired
- Results in a haploid

Mitosis
- Only one cell division
- Homologous chromosomes never pair up
- In anaphases, sister chromatids are separated
- Results in a diploid

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14
Q

What is a bacterial cell wall made of?

A

Murien

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15
Q

Red blood cells have a nucleus.
True or False

A

False

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16
Q

Hormonal response is slow.
True or False

A

True
Compared to other systems, hormonal response is slow, because it needs to travel through the blood

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17
Q

Why is pH regulation controlled so tightly in humans?

A

“To prevent changes in electrical charge in peptide chains”

pH changes cause changes in electrical charge on proteins (peptides), so it would interfere with protein-protein interactions.

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18
Q

Heterozygotes only have a 25% chance of expressing a recessive trait.
True or False

A

False
They have a 25% chance of expressing a HOMOZYGOUS recessive offspring

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19
Q

What is the function of an antibody?

A

Identify and neutralise foreign objects and molecules

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20
Q

Homeostasis

A

Balancing the inputs within your body with the outputs to maintain a constant internal environment

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21
Q

There is more energy as you move up the trophic levels.
True or False

A

False
There is less energy as you move up the trophic levels

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22
Q

There is less biomass as you move up in trophic levels.
True or False

A

True

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23
Q

What is the order in which something is seen and movement occurs?

A
  1. Retina
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Brain
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Muscle
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24
Q

Animals cloned from embryo transplants are genetically identical.
True or False

25
Cloning is only possible with mammals. True or False
False
26
The genetic material is removed from an unfertilised egg during adult cell cloning. True or False
True
27
Cloning can cause a reduced gene pool. True or False
True
28
Species with similar characteristics have similar genes. True or False
False (not necessarily)
29
Do red blood cells have DNA?
No, red blood cells loose their nuclei during maturation in order to accommodate for more haemoglobin
30
Does meiosis require ATP?
Yes
31
Where does meiosis take place?
Only in reproductive organs Males: testes after puberty Females: ovary before birth
32
The pH of venous blood is 7.35, which of the following is the likely pH of arterial blood? 4.4, 6.5, 7.4, or 7.0?
7.4 because there is a small variation but, arterial blood is more basic because it has less CO2
33
All contents of animal cells are contained in the cytoplasm. True or False
False
34
The cytoplasm is mostly water. True or False
True
35
Cytoplasm contains electrolytes and proteins. True or False
True
36
Where is ATP produced?
Mitochondria
37
Cells of the p. Atlantica butterfly of the lycaenidea family have 446 chromosomes. Mitosis will produce ____ pairs of chromosomes and meiosis will produce ____ chromosomes
223 and 223
38
Why does air flow into the chest on inspirations?
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intra-thoracic pressure during inspiration (this is done with anterior and lateral chest expansion)
39
Most of the nitrogen in the earth's atmosphere is inert. True or False
True
40
Bacteria are essential for nitrogen fixation. True or False
True
41
Nitrogen fixation occurs during lightning strikes. True or False
True
42
Is coordination of movement a function of the central nervous system?
Yes
43
Is control of heart rate a function of the CNS?
No
44
Sympathetic control of heart rate results in accelerated or decelerated heart rate?
Accelerated (quickens)
45
Parasympathetic heart rate modulation
Decelerates (slows)
46
Function of lipase
Breaks down fats in diet
47
Function of amylase
Breaks down starch in diet
48
Function of protease
Breaks down protein in diet
49
Sucrase
An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose
50
Lactase
Enzyme that breaks down lactose in diet
51
Do all veins have valves?
No, most veins in arms and hands do not
52
What enzyme is found in saliva?
Amylase
53
What enzyme is found in the stomach?
Pepsin
54
Mono synaptic stretch reflex
Monosynaptic stretch reflex, or sometimes also referred to as the muscle stretch reflex , deep tendon reflex, is a reflex arc that provides direct communication between sensory and motor neurons innervating the muscle
55
Anaerobic respiration in animals
Carbohydrates --> energy + lactic acid
56
Anaerobic respiration in plants
Carbohydrates --> energy + ethanol + carbon dioxide
57
Where does anaerobic respiration take place?
Cytoplasm of cell (not mitochondria)
58
Equation for aerobic respiration
6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (38 ATP)
59

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