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Biology 1407 > Biology 1407 Test 2 > Flashcards

Biology 1407 Test 2 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Emerging Disease

A

Disease that is relatively new to a species, or has recently expanded its range.

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2
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects bacteria

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3
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease-causing agent

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4
Q

Viroid

A

Small, noncoding, infectious RNA

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5
Q

Virus

A

Noncellular,infectious particle of protein and nucleic acid; replicates only in a host cell

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6
Q

5 steps in viral replication cycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Replication and synthesis
  4. Assembly
  5. Release
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7
Q

lysogenic pathway

A

Bacteriophage replication where viral DNA is integrated into the host’s chromosome and is passed to the host’s descendants. (“stealth virus”)

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8
Q

lytic pathway

A

Bacteriophage replication where virus replicates in its host and kills it quickly. (active penetration)

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9
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

A viral enzyme that uses RNA as a template to make a strand of cDNA

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10
Q

Epidemic

A

Disease outbreak that occurs in a limited region

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11
Q

Pandemic

A

Disease outbreak with cases worldwide

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12
Q

Vector

A

Of a disease, an animal that transmits a pathogen from one host to the next

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13
Q

Viral Reassortment

A

Two related viruses infect the same individual simultaneously and swap genes

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14
Q

Archaea

A
  • Most recently discovered and less well-known lineage of single-celled organisms without a nucleus
  • prokaryotes
  • “extremophiles”
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15
Q

Bacteria

A
  • most diverse and well-known lineage of single-celled organisms without a nucleus
  • prokaryotes
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16
Q

chemoautotroph

A

uses carbon dioxide as carbon source and obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules

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17
Q

chemoheterotroph

A

organism that obtains both energy and carbon by breaking down organic compounds

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18
Q

metagenomics

A

assesses the microbial diversity

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19
Q

photoautotroph

A

contains carbon from carbon dioxide and energy from light

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20
Q

photoheterotroph

A

organism that obtains its carbon from organic compounds and its energy from light

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21
Q

prokaryote

A

member of one of two single selled lineages (bacteria and archaea) that DON’T have a nucleus

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22
Q

binary fission

A
  • cell reproduction process of bacteria and archaea

- asexual

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23
Q

conjugation

A

horizontal gene transfer in which one bacterial or archaeal cell passes a plasmid to another

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24
Q

horizontal gene ransfer

A

transfer of genetic material among existing individuals

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25
nucleoid
region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated in a bacterial or archaeal cell
26
pilus
protein filament that projects from the surface of some bacterial and archaeal cells
27
plasmid
of many bacteria and archaea, a small ring of nonchromosomal DNA replicated independently of the chromosome
28
transduction
horizontal gene transfer in which a bacteriophage carries DNA from one cell to another
29
transformation
in bacteria and archaea, a type of horizontal gene transfer in which DNA is taken up from the environment
30
chamydias
bacteria that are intracellular parasites of vertebrates
31
cyanobacteria
oxygen producing photsynthetic bacteria
32
endospore
resistant resting stage of some soil bacteria
33
gram-positive bacteria
thick walled and colored purple by staining
34
nitrogen fixation
incorporation of nitrogen gas into ammonia
35
proteobacteria
most diverse bacterial lineage; includes species that carry out photosynthesis and fix nitrogen. some cause disease
36
spirochetes
lineage of bacteria shaped like a stretched-out spring
37
extreme halophiles
organism adapted to life in a highly salty environment
38
extreme thermophile
high temperature environment
39
methanogen
organism that produes methan gas as a metabolic by product
40
foraminifera
heterotrophic single-celled protists with a porous calcium carbonate shell and long cytoplasmic extensions
41
plankton
community of drifting/swimming organisms
42
radiolarians
heterotrophic single-celled protists with a porous silica shell and long cytoplasmic extensions
43
alveolate
protist with small sacs beneath the plasma membrane;dinoflagellate, ciliate or apicomplexan
44
ciliate
single-celled, heterotrophic protists with many cilia
45
algal bloom
population explosion of photosynthetic cells in an aquatic habitat
46
Bioluminescence
production of light by an organism
47
dinoflagellate
single-celled, aquatic protist with cellulose plates and two flagella; may be heterotrophic or photosynthetic
48
apicomplexan
single-celled alveolate protist that lives as a parasite inside animal cells; some cause malaria or toxoplasmosis
49
brown alga
multicelled marine protist with a brown accessory pigment (fucoxanthin) in it's chloroplasts
50
diatom
single-celled photosynthetic protist with a brown accessory pigment (fucoxanthin) and a two part silica shell
51
stramenopiles
protist lineage that includes the photosynthetic diatoms and brown algae, as well as the heterotrophic water molds. some have hairy flagellum
52
water mold
heterotrophic protist that grows as nutrient-absorbing filaments
53
red alga
photosynthetic protist; typically multicelled, with chloroplasts containing red phycobilins
54
charophyte algae
green algal group tat includes the lineage most closely related to land plants
55
chlorophyte algae
most diverse lineage of green algae
56
amoeba
single-celled, unwalled protist that use pseudopods to move and capture prey
57
amoebozoans
lineage of heterotrophic, unwalled protists that live in soils and water; include amoebas and slime molds
58
cellular slime mold
soil dwelling protist that feeds as solitary cells but congregates under environmental pressures to form a cohesive unit that develops into a fruiting body
59
choanoflagellates
heterotrophic protists thought to be the sister group of animals; collared cells strain food from water
60
plasmodial slime mold
soil dwelling protist that feeds as a multinucleated mass. develops into a fruiting body under adverse conditons.

Biology 1407 (4 decks)

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