Biology Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
what is mrs h gren
A
movement
respiration
sensitivity
homeostasis
growth
reproduction
excretion
nutrition
2
Q
what is movement
A
It’s an action by an
organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place.
3
Q
what is respiration
A
Set of chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy using oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
4
Q
what is sensitivity
A
Ability to detect or
sense changes in the environment (stimuli) and to make appropriate responses.
5
Q
what is homeostasis
A
A state of balance
among all the body systems
needed for the body to survive and
function correctly.
6
Q
what is growth
A
Permanent increase in
size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both.
7
Q
what is reproduction
A
Reproduction is the
process that makes more of the same kind of organism.
8
Q
what is excretion
A
Removal from
organisms of toxic materials, the
waste products of metabolism
(chemical reactions in cells
including respiration) and
substances in excess of
requirements.
9
Q
what is nutrition
A
Taking in materials for
energy, growth or development,
10
Q
what does the nucleus do
A
controls the cell activity
11
Q
what does the cytoplasm do
A
where chemical reactions occur
12
Q
what does the mitochondria do
A
aerobic respiration
13
Q
what do ribosomes do
A
protein synthesis
14
Q
what do glycogen granules do
A
carbohydrate food store
15
Q
what does a cell wall do
A
maintain shape and structure
16
Q
what does the vacuole do
A
stores cell sap
17
Q
what does chloroplast do
A
where photosynthesis takes place
18
Q
what does the cell membrane do
A
controls what enters and exits the cell
19
Q
what is a eukaryotic organism
A
Eukaryote refers to any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms whose cell contains a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus.
20
Q
what do plants have/contain
A
chloroplasts
nucleus
mitochondira
ribsomes
cell membrane
cytoplam
vacoule
cell wall
21
Q
what do animal cells have
A
nucleus
mitochondira
ribosomes
cell membrane
cytoplasm
22
Q
structure of fungi
A
- chitin cell wall
- often multinucleated
- they contain a mycelium which is made of hpyhae threads
23
Q
what do protocists have/contain
A
microscopic single-celled,
usually aquatic, with some
features like animal cells
24
Q
what is a prokaryotic organism
A
any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence of internal membranes.
25
features of bacteria
cell membrane
cell wall
cytoplasm
no nucleus
26
what are pathogens - viruses
microscopic particles,
lack cellular structure
contain a protein coat around the DNA or RNA,
live and reproduce inside cells, infect every living organism
27
what is a stem cell
a stem cell is a cell that does not have specialized structures or functions Stem cells contain the information to differentiate into specialised
cells
28
explain embryonic stem cells
can differentiate into any type of cell (PLURIPOTENT)
Used to treat many different
diseases Ethical issues in obtaining embryonic stem cells
29
explain adult stem cells
Can differentiate into a limited number of specialized cells (UNPOTENT)
Bone marrow stem cells can only differentiate into blood cells Used to treat diseases without rejection
30
smallest to biggest components
organelles
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organsim
31
what are organelles
compartment in a cell
surrounded by a membrane
32
what is a cell
smallest unit of life
33
what is a tissue
a group of the same kind of cells working together to perform a function
34
what is an organ
a group of different types of tissues working together to preform the same function
35
what is an organ system
a group of organs working together to preform a function
36
what is an organism
various systems working together to maintain life
37
what are the 4 biological molecules
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
38
what are the carbohydrate polymers
glycogen, starch, cellulose
39
what are the carbohydrate monosacharides
glucose, fructose, glactose
40
what are the lipids and fats triglyceride
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids together
41
what are the lipids and fats monomers
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids seperate
42
what are lipids and fats good for
long term emergy
43
what are carbohydrates good for
fast source of energy
44
what are proteins monomers
amino acids
45
what are proteins polymer
protein
46
what is the nutrient test for starch
iodine solution
orange to blue/black
47
what is the nutrient test for glucose
benedicts solution
blue to brick red
48
what is the nutrient test for lipids
ethanol and water
clear to cloudy
49
what is the nutrient test for proteins
biurets
blue to purple
50
what are enzymes
proteins
energy reactions in cells
biological catalysts
specific
reusable
have an active site
51
what is enzyme lock and key
enzyme + substrate = enzyme substrate complex
52
what are enzymes optimum temperature
37 C and then they
are denatured (the active site is changed and no longer fits the substrate)
53
what is the optimum pH for amylase and protease
7pH for amalayse
2 pH for protease
54
what is diffusion
diffusion is the random movement or spreading out of particles from a high area of concentration to a low
area of concentration through a partially permeable membrane
55
what is osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a high water potential to a low water potential through a
partially permeable membrane
56
explain osmosis in animal cells
if the external solution has a higher water potential it will move into an animal cell causing it to burst
if the external solution has a lower water potential the excess water will leave the cell causing it to become more shriveled
57
explain osmosis in plant cells
if the external solution has a higher water potential water will move into the cell and into the vacuole causing it to swell and leaving it turgid
if the external solutionhas a higher water potential water will move out of the cell causing it to become soft. eventually, the cell membrane will move away from the cell wall
58
what is active transport
Active transport is the movement of particles from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration (against the concentration gradient)
59
what does active transport need
it require respiration because it is active and needs energy to transport
60
discribe a leafs structure
upper surface
branching veins
flat and thin
mid rib
stomata
roots
61
discribe the upper surface
dark green
chloroplast for light absorption
62
discribe the branching veins
supply water to the cells
63
discribe why a leaf has a flat and thin surface
provides a large surface area
64
what is the mid rib for a leaf
central vein
65
what do the stomata do
microscopic pres on the lower surface which all all gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen
66
what do leaf roots do
absorb water through osmosis
67
how do plants obtain their nutrition and why
via photosynthesis because they are autotrophic
68
discribe the internal structure of a leaf
waxy cuticle
upper epidermis
palasiade cells
spongy mesophyl cells
stoma
lower epidermis
69
what is the role of the wazy cuticle
water proofing
70
what is the role of the upper epidermis
lets light through for chloroplast
71
what do the palasiade cells do
packed with chloroplast and absorb light
72
what do the spongy mesophyl cells do
irregular shape to create air space for rapid diffusion of gases
73
characterisitc of the lower epidermis
few chloroplast
74
word equation for photosyntheis
water + carbon dioxide --> glucose + oxygen
75
chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H20 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
76
what is the source of energy for photosynthesis
light
77
what does a plant need to trap light
chloroplast
78
how is glucose stored in plants
starch
79
what are factors that affect photosynthesis
light intensity
carbon dioxide concentration
temperature
80
how does light intensity affect photosynthesis
without enough light a plant cannot photosyntesise
81
how does carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis
the rate of photosynthesis will decrease
82
how does temperature affect photosynthesis
low temperatures the rate of photosynthesis is limited becuase the number of mulecular collisions are limited
83
what do plant need to make chlorophyll
magnesium
84
what do plants need to make proteins
nitrate --> amino acids
85
what is needed for a balanced diet
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
minerals
vitamins
water
fibre
86
what are carbohydrates good for and where can we get them
quick energy from bread and pasta
87
what are proteins good for and where can we get them
growth and repair from eggs, meat and nuts
88
what are lipids good for and where can we get them
slow/ long term energy from fats, oils and butter
89
what are minerals good for and where do we get them from
calcium - strong teeth and bones from milk and eggs
iron - makes hemaglobin in red blood cells from red meat and lentils
90
what are vitamins good for and where do we get them
a - healthy skin and vision from vegetables, fish, red vegetables, fish oil
c - healthy gums and skin from citrus fruits
d - helps regulate the amount of calcium from fish and eggs
91
what is fibre good for and where do we get them from
prevents constipation from leafy vegtables and whole grain wheat
92
what is the structure of the digestive system
salivary glands
oesphagus
stomach
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
duodenum
small intestines
large intestines
93
what do the salivary glands
softens and lubricates the food and produces salivary amalase to digest starch
94
what is the oesphgus for
peristalsis - wave like motion of anatagonistic muscles (circular and longnitudial)
95
what does the stomach do
bag of muscle with acidic conditions
contains pepsin to digest protein
96
what does the liver do
it produces bile to neutralise food
97
what does the gallbladder do
stores bile
98
what does the pancreas do
produces protease, lipase and amalayse
99
what does the duodenum do
most chemical digestion
break down of polymers
100
what does the small intestine do
absorption of small soluble molecules
101
what does the large intestine do
colon - water absoption
rectum - stores faeces
anus - allows the egestion of faeces
102
characteristics of the illeum
long and thin
one cell thick for absoption
large capillary network
convered in villi and micro-villi
103
how does a large capillary network help the illeum
absorbs monosacharides (amino acids, vitamins and minerals)
104
how do the villi and micro-villi help the illeum
it increases the surface area for absorption
105
what does the duodenum do
connects with the stomach, pancreas, bile duct and illeum
recives partially digested food from stomach
recives bile to neutralise the HCL
106
what does the duodenum help with
large surface area for digestion of lipids and lipase actions
107
chemical equation for aerobic respiration
6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
108
word equation for aerobic respiration
oxygen + glucose --> carbon dioxide + water + energy release
109
where does aerobic respiration occur
mitochondira
110
which specimens use anaerobic respiration
humans and lactobacillus
plants
111
word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans + lactobacillus
glucose --> lacid acid + energy release
112
word equation for anaerobic respiration in plant
glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide + ATP
113
where does respiration occur in anaerobic respiration
no oxygen but respiration occurs in the cytoplasm
114
what is respiration
a chemical reaction to release energy
115
where does respiration occur
in the cytoplasm of all living organisms
116
when do plants respire
ALL THE TIME
117
where is CO2 being released at night in plants
through the stomata by diffusion
118
where is CO2 being released during the day in plants
some through the stomata in the leaves and some during photosynthesis
119
What do the hydrocarbonate indicator colors tell us
yellow - high levels of CO2
red - atmospheric levels of CO2
purple - low levels of CO2
120
When does respiration happen in animals
ALL THE TIME in Living Cells
121
structure of ventilation and supporing structures
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
aveoli
supporting - diaphragm, intercostal muscles, ribs, pleural membrane, epiglottis and larynx
122
discribe the trachea
wind pipe which contains 'c' shaped rings of cartilage
123
role of the bronchi
connect the windpipe to the bronchioles
124
what do the bronchioless do
connect the bronchi to the aveoli
125
what do the aveoli do
where gas exchange takes place
126
how does the diaphragm support ventilation
a sheet of muscle that is found below the lungs
127
how do the intercostal muscles help support ventilation
set of muscles found between the ribs that allow the moves to move
128
how do the ribs help support ventialtion
they are bones which help protect the lungs and the heart
129
how does the pleural membrane support ventilation
it liines the surface of the lungs reducing friction and allowing the lungs to slide smoothly
130
how does the epiglottis support ventilation
it closes the gap in the trachea so no food goes down
