BIOLOGY Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Cell Theory
A
- All living things are made up of one or more cells and the products of those cells
- Cells are the basic unit of life
- All cells come from existing ones
2
Q
life processes of the cell
A
- intaking nutrients
- movement
- growth
- reproduction
- response to stimuli
- gas exchange
- waste removal
3
Q
Types of cells
A
w/o a nucleus: prokaryotic cells
w/ a nucleus: eukaryote
4
Q
Cell membrane
A
-outer covering, protective layer around all cells
- allows food, oxygen, and water into the cell + waste products
5
Q
cytoplasm
A
- gelatin-like substances inside the cell membrane
- contains nutrients required for the cell to live
- organelles are suspended within the cytoplasm
6
Q
nucleus
A
- directs all cell activities
- contains instructions (in DNA) for everything the cell does
- surrounded by a nuclear membrane
7
Q
nucleolus
A
- makes components of ribosomes
- in nucleus
8
Q
endoplasmic reticulum
A
- network of tubes of membranes
- carries materials through the cell
can be:
1. smooth (no ribosomes on the surface)
2. rough (ribosomes on the surface)
9
Q
cytoskeleton
A
- helps the cell maintain or change its shape
- made of proteins
10
Q
ribosomes
A
- small bodies free or attacked to E.R.
- produce proteins (protein synthesis)
11
Q
mitochondria
A
- place where sugar molecules are broken down into energy
- cellular respiration
- glucose into energy
12
Q
centriole
A
- found in animal cells
- helps with cell division
13
Q
golgi bodies
A
- compartment in which proteins are sorted and modified
- stack of membrane-bound vesicles
- package substances to be transported around the cell
- sometimes called Golgi apparatus
14
Q
lysosomes
A
-small, round structures w/ a membrane
- break down larger food molecules into smaller molecules (digestion)
- attack foreign bodies (protection)
- digest old cell parts
15
Q
vacuoles
A
- store food, water and waste
16
Q
chloroplasts
A
- contain a green pigment chlorophyll
- where energy from the sun is utilized to make food for the plant
- photosynthesis
- made up of “solar collector” thylakoids, a stack if called granum
17
Q
cell wall
A
- protects the cell
- gives shape
- made up of cellular fibre
- found in plants, algae, fungi + most bacteria
18
Q
diff between plant and animal cells
A
- CELL WALL: only in plants, not animals
- CHLOROPLASTS: only in plants, not animals
- PLANT CELLS: large vacuoles (mainly for water shortage)
- CENTRIOLES: only in animals, not plants
- ENERGY: plants store energy in the form of starch and oils, animals store energy as glycogen or fats
19
Q
active transport
A
energy is required for the movement of molecules (ie. against the concentration gradient)
- Endocytosis: the process by which cells bring in materials
- Exocytosis: large molecules are released from the cell
20
Q
passive transport
A
energy is not required energy for the movement of molecules (ie. diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion(with the concentration gradient)
21
Q
Diffusion
A
the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
22
Q
Cell Division
A
separation of genetic material and cytoplasm into two equal parts to create 2 new ‘daughter cells’
a) Mitosis - splitting of the DNA
b) Cytokinesis - separation of the cytoplasm into two equal portions
23
Q
Osmosis
A
the movement of water particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Q
DNA
A
genetic info, organized into chromosomes
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Chromosomes
- a long piece of coiled DNA and proteins
- humans have 46 chromosomes, horses 64, dogs 78,
- seen only when cell divides
- when copied, consists of 2 identical copies (sister chromatids)
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Chromotin
- form of DNA when cell is not dividing
- long and stringy substance spread throughout the cell
- condenses into chromatids
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Purpose of cell cycle
1. healing and tissue repair and regeneration
2. growth of an organism
3. to keep a small/suitable cell size
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Interphase
- cell is growing and preparing for division
- 90% is inter phase
a) Growth 1 Phase (organelle replication)
b) Synthesis Phase (DNA replication)
c) Growth 2 Phase (growth and preparation for division)
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Summary of Mitosis
PROPHASE - nuclear membrane and nuclei disintegrate, chromosomes shorten and thicken, two chromatids are connected at the centromere, spindle forms
METAPHASE - Chromatids line up at the centre of the spindle, centromere split, free chromatids are now called chromosomes
ANAPHASE - chromosomes, move to opposite ends of the spindle
TELOPHASE - spindle dissolves, nuclear membrane and nucleoli form
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Cytokinesis
- occurs during telophase
- cell membrane cleaves
- cell plate, forms cell wall, divides two new cells
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Cancer
- when cells divide uncontrollably
- disrupt other cells functions and take in other cell's nutrients + food
- mutations occur in the genes that control cell division
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properties of cancer cells
1. reproduce in defiance of the normal restraints
- don't stop at the checkpoints in the cell cycle
- lack cell to cell adhesion sinal
- resist apoptosis
2. grow and form a lump; sometimes called a tumour (neoplasm)
3. invade and colonize territories normally reserved for other cells
4. quickly alternate shape between round and elongated
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causes of cancer mutation
1. viruses - some interfere with cell division by inserting their own DNA
2. Radiation - high energy radiation like ultra-violent light and x-rays have been linked to skin cancer
3. Chemicals - cigarette smoke and smog have been linked to lung cancer
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Types of cancers
carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias/Lymphomas, other forms
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Tumour
a mass of dysfunctional cells that have grown from mutant parents
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Stem cells
cells that can differentiate into many different types of cells (and tissues)
- divide by mitosis
- the type of cell that the stem cells becomes is determined by signals from DNA
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Plant Stem Cells
Meristematic Cells
- stem cells found in plants
- found in the growing tips of roots and stems and in the cambium
- active throughout the life of a plant, means they continually produce new cells of various types
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Stems cells in people (where)
Embryos (embryonic stem cells), adult tissue (adult stem cells)
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Organ
a specialized group of tissues that perform a specific function (ie. heart, lung, kidney...)
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Organ system
a group of organs that work together to carry out specific duties in the body (11 in the body)
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The Integumentary System
skin, hair, nails, glands
- cover and protects the body, glands help control body temperature
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The Digestive System
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, pancreas, gall bladder, liver
- ingestion (bringing food into body), digestion (breaking down food into nutrients), absorption of nutrients (into the bloodstream), elimination of wastes
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The Respiratory System
nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm
- exchange of gases
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The Circulatory System
heart, blood vessels, blood
- transportation of materials (ie. oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste) within the body
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The Excretory System
skin, kidney, bladder ureter, urethra
- elimination of wastes, production and elimination of urine
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The Skeletal System
bones, carilage
- supports body, allows movement, protects the body, (bone marrow) makes new blood cells
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The Muscular System
skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, tendons, ligaments
- works with the skeletal system to provide movement
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The Nervous System
brain, nerves, spinal cord
- controls body functions; coordinates responses and activities
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The Endocrine System
glands (pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testis)
- makes hormones to control growth and development and metabolism
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The Reproductive System
ovaries, oviducts, vagina, uterus, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra
- reproduction
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The Lymphatic System
white blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels,
- protects the body from disease; circulates fluid called lymph; absorbs and transports fats.
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epithelial tissue
- animal tissue
- protection, absorption, secretion, sensation
- found in the outer layer of the skin, lines organs
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Connective tissue
- supports the other structures in the body
- protection of organs
- storage of materials
- transport of materials
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Muscle tissue
permits movement, long cells called muscle fibers that contract and shorten
- smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
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Nervous tissue
receives stimuli, and transmits information in the form of nerve impulses
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Meristematic tissue
unspecialized tissue in plants
- meristematic (allows plant to grow) or cambium (layer betwen bark and tree)
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Epidermal tissue
bark, outer later of leaf and stems
- guard cells specialize to open and close the stoma to allow CO2 in and O2 out of teh leaf withought a lot of water loss
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Ground tissue
most of the plant
-mesophyll, specialized for photosynthesus
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Vascular tissue
cells that form the inner part of the stem and leaf
PHLOEM: transport sugars from leaves to the rest of the plants
XYLEM: hollow cells that transport water and minerals from the roots to the rets of the plant
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Skin Cell
(animal cell)
provide a protective barrier against mechanical, thermal, and physical injury and hazardous substances
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Muscle Cell
(animal cells)
responsible for all movements that are under voluntary control
- smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
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Bone Cell
(animal cells)
help your bones grow and develop
- Osteoblasts: form new bone tissue
- Osteocytes: maintain the mineral composition of bone tissue
- Osteoclasts: dissolve and reabsorb bone tissue
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Red blood cells
(animal cells)
carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout the body and transport waste (CO2) and back to our lungs
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Fat cells
(animal cell)
store energy
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White Blood Cells
(animal cell)
protect your body from viruses part of immune system
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Sperm Cells
(animal cell)
provides half of the genetic material needed to form an embryo when combined with an egg from the female body
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Nerve Cells
(animal cell)
sending+receiving neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry information between brain cells
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Epidermal Cell
(plant cell)
serves as a barrier against bacteria and regulates water excretion
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Guard Cell
regulate the opening and closing of stomata in plant leaves, controlling the exchange of gases
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Epithelial Tissue
(animal tissue)
cells packed tightly together forming a sheet throughout the body used for protection, absorption, sensation, secretion
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Connective Tissue
(animal tissue)
binds together and supports the other structures of the body, used for protection of organs, storage and transport of material
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Muscle Tissue
(animal tissue)
Bundles of long cells called muscle fibres contain protein that contracts and shortens. Used to permit movement
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Nervous Tissue
(animal tissue)
cells capable of conducting electrical impulses. receives external info and transmits it in the form of nerve impulses
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Meristematic Tissue
(plant tissue)
unspecialized tissue divides to produce new cells. Allow the plant to grow
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Epidermal Tissue
(plant tissue)
surrounds organs, decreases water loss, protects tissue
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Ground Tissue
(plant tissue)
structural supports photosynthesis, store sugar, protection
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Vascular Tissue
(plant tissue)
cells that form inner part of the stem and leaf
- Phloem (cell): transports sugar from leaves to the rest of the plant
- Xylem (cell): transport water and minerals from roots to the rest of the plant
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route through respiratory system
- nose/mouth
- pharynx
- epiglottis
- trachea
- left/right bronchus
- bronchioles
- alveoli
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route through circulatory system
- vena cava
- right atrium
- AV valve
- right ventricle
- pulmonary valve
- pulmonary arteries
- pulmonary veins
- left atrium
- AV valve
- left ventricle
- aortic valve
- aorta
then... arteries, capillaries, veins
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Homeostasis:
"steady state" of the body where it functions most efficiently, all organ systems work together to maintain this "steady state"
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Parts of a plant
- flower (reproductive system of the plant)
- stem (transports water and nutrients throughout the plant, supports the leaves and flowers)
- leaf (photosynthesis, has stomata)
- roots (anchors plant in soil, collects water from soil and transports to the stem, stores food)
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Parts of a flower in plant
1. Pistil (stigma, style, ovary): FEMALE sex organs
2. Stamen (anther, filament): MALE sex organs
+ when pollen (produced in anther) and an egg (in the ovary) unite, fertilized eggs become a seed
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Organs systems in a plant
The shooting system: everything above the ground
The root system: everything below the ground
+ these are interdependent
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Transpiration:
the evaporation of water through the stomata in the leaves.
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Facilitated Diffusion
protein carrier molecules in the cell membrane allow molecules and ions to passively flow from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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