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LIAM > BIOlogy > Flashcards

BIOlogy Flashcards

1
Q

What is plasma membrane made out of ?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

What is the role of the plasma membrane?

A

Surrounds cell and regulates what enters and exits the cell. Regulates passage of organic molecules, ions, water, proteins.

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3
Q

What is cytoplasm and what does it do?

A

The contents of cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope. Provides structure to cell. Organelles are here.

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4
Q

What has a nucleaus? Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

A

Eukaryote

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5
Q

What structures does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not?

A

Cell wall. Central vacuole. Chloroplasts. Plastids.

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6
Q

Do prokaryotes have a cell wall and a plasma membrane?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What is the outermost layer of a prokaryote? Capsule or cell wall or plasma membrane?

A

Capsule the slime layer around the cell

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8
Q

Do prokaryotes have a nucleaus or membrane bound organelles?

A

No

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9
Q

What are the outer layers of a prokaryote in order from outside to inside?

A

Capsule-slime layer
Cell wall-surrounds plasma membrane and gives shape
Plasma Membrane-surrounds cell and regulates what enters and exits cell

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10
Q

What organic molecules are found in cytoplasm?

A

Proteins, glucose, amino acids, nucleic acids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, ions like sodium nad potassium

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11
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Network of protein fibers that helps to maintain the shape of the cell, secures organelles in position, and allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move

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12
Q

What does the nucleaus do?

A

Houses the cells DNA in the form or chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

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13
Q

How is the nuclear envelope like the plasma membrane?

A

It is made of phospholipid bilayer (two instead of one). Controls the passage of ions, molecules.

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14
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids.

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15
Q

What is rough endoplasmic reticulum? And what does it do?

A

Has ribosomes attached making it look rough

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16
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Flattened sacs that sort, tag, package and distribute lipids and proteins

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17
Q

What does Golgi apparatus do in plant cells?

A

Sorts and packages proteins AND synthesizes polysaccharides

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18
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

THe garbage disposal. Enzymes break down proteins lipids necleaic acids, etc (enzymes active with lower pH)

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19
Q

What are ribosomes responsible for?

A

Protein synthesis. Found in all cells including prokaryotes. They are clusters of dots or tiny dots.

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20
Q

What are mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of cell. Create ATP (the cell’s main energy molecule). ATP is made in Cellular respiration from the breakdown of glucose

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21
Q

What do vesicles and vacuoles do?

A

Storage and transport. A vacuole cannot fuse with the membranes of other cell components but vesicles can.

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22
Q

Can chloroplasts be found in Eukaryotes?

A

Yes, plants and Algae.

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23
Q

Do autotrophs or heterotrophs make their own food?

A

Autotrophs like plants.

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24
Q

What are chloroplasts responsible for?

A

Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide, water and LIGHT ENERGY make glucose and oxygen

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25
Q

What is chlorophyll and where is it found?

A

A green pigment that captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis. Found in autotrophs (plants).

26
Q

Do bacteria that perform photosynthesis have chloroplasts?

A

No. They have thylakoid membrane with the the cell.

27
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Small round organelles that break down fatty acids and amino acids. . DETOX.

28
Q

What does Animal Cells have that plant cells do not?

A

Centrioles, centrosomes (party of the cytoskeleton) and lysosomes.

29
Q

What is the central vacuole in a plant cell?

A

Regulates the cell’s concentration of water by providing turgor pressure (outward pressure). Too little water and the plant cell shrinks and the plant wilts. Also stores proteins in seed cells.

30
Q

What is an Isotonic solution?

A

The solution surrounding the cell has the same solute concentration as the inside of cell. NO NET MOVEMENT OF WATER. Cell stays same shape. Cells need isotonic solutions to do their jobs.

31
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

The solution OUTSIDE the cell has a higher solute concentration than inside the cell. WATER MOVES OUT OF HTE CELL VIA OSMOSIS. Cell shrivels like a raisin.

32
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

THe solution outside of hte cell has a lower solute concentration than inside the cell. WATER. MOVES INTO THE CELL. The cell expands as it takes on water and eventually the cell (lyses) pops and dies.

33
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

a protein that speeds up a reaction

34
Q

What invention revolutionized the discovery of cells and their organelles?

A

Microscope.

35
Q

What is the basic unit of all living organisms?

A

CELLS

36
Q

What are the three parts of CEll Theory?

A
  1. All living things are made of one or more cells.
  2. Cells are the basic units of Structure and function in living things.
  3. All cells come from other cells.
37
Q

Name three kinds of microscopes

A

Electron microscope
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) structures inside cell
Scanning probe microscope

38
Q

Is bacteria Prokaryote or EUkaryote?

A

Prokaryote.
NO nucleaus.

39
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

The process of cell division that results in identical daughter cells

40
Q

WHat happens in interphase?

A

Cell grows. Cell produces proteins and organelles. DNA replicates (doubled). Prepares for division.

41
Q

what happens in Prophase? Second phase of mitosis

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
Spindle fibers form.
Chromosomes are attached at the centromere (center)
Nuclear envelope disappears

42
Q

What happens in Anaphase (4th stage of Mitosis)?

A

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends.
PUlled by spindle fibers atttached to centrioles (POLES)
Spindle fibers SHORTEN.

43
Q

What happens during Telephase (final stage of mitosis)

A

Chromatids reach opposite ends
Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin
Nuclear envelope starts to form
CYTOKINESIS —SPLITS THE CELL into an identical cell

44
Q

What is the substrate and active site?

A

The substrate binds to the active site on the enzyme before the chemical reaction. The substrate is the reactant.

45
Q

What is difference between solute and solvent?

A

The solute dissolves in the solvent. Water is the universal solvent. Salt (solute) dissolves in Water (solvent).

46
Q

What is a solution?

A

A solute dissolved in a solvent.

47
Q

What is the pH range of an acid? Ph range of a base?

A

0-6 ACID
8-14 BASE

48
Q

What has a lower concentration of Hydronium ions (H+)? Acid or Base?

A

BASE

49
Q

Why is water a good solvent?

A

Water is polar with a slight positive and negative charge so ionic compounds easily dissolve tin

50
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein that speeds up the rate of a reaction without changing itself

51
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up a reaction

52
Q

Do enzymes raise or lower the energy needed for a reaction to occur?

A

Lowers the activation energy.

53
Q

Does the substrate or enzyme change in a chemical reaction?

A

Substrate changes into products at the active site of enzyme.

54
Q

What impacts the optimum environment for enzymes to work?

A

Etemperature and pH

55
Q

What does denature an enzyme mean? And how do you denature an enzyme?

A

Denature: change the shape of an enzyme
Temp or pH can denature an enzyme and then the substrate won’t fit.

56
Q

What are the characteristics of LIfe?

A
  1. Universal genetic code (DNA)
  2. Grow and develop
  3. Respond to environment
    4.reproduce
  4. Maintain stable environment=HOMEOSTASIS
    6.Obtain and use energy and materials (metabolism)
  5. Made of cells
    8.organisms evolve over time.
57
Q

What is cohesion in water?

A

Water sticks to other water molecules

58
Q

What is polarity?

A

Water has a partial negative charge near oxygen and partial + near hydrogen. This is what helps other substances dissolve in water. Each water molecule attractions other water molecules….

59
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

Substance that easily dissolves in water.

60
Q

How is surface tension in water formed?

A

Cohesion. The polarity of water molecules attract other water molecules. Think of Capilllary action.

61
Q

What are the role of buffers in organisms with regards to pH?

A

Buffers absorb excess H+ or OH- ions so it isn’t too acidic or too basic. pH needs to be neutral. H+ is acidic and OH- is basic.

62
Q

What is a cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic interior tails and hydrophilic exterior heads.

LIAM (2 decks)

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