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Biology Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

T or F mitochondria is present in eukaryotic cells but not in prokarytotic

A

true

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3
Q

How is a muscle adapted to its function

A

Muscle is adapted to bringing about movement as it contains protein filaments that slide over each other and cause contraction.

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4
Q

How are xylem vessels adapted to the transport of substances in the xylem

A

Xylem vessels are adapted to transport by having no end walls, and their side walls are thickened.

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5
Q

how do you set up a microscope on a high power

A

Focus on low power with the coarse adjustment, move the high power objective in line with the specimen, refocus on high power with the fine adjustment

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6
Q

what is an advantage of the transition electron microscope

A

higher magnifications are possible

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7
Q

If a cell called a megakaryocyte measures 1 x 10-4 m, and a neutrophil measures 1 x 10-5 m, what is the difference in order of magnitude?

A

1 as 5-4=1

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

how have microscopes developed over the years

A

increased resolution,increased magnification

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10
Q

t or f the magnification of an image is x1000 the actual size

A

true

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

If the actual size of a cell is 100 μm, and 10 cm in a book, what is the magnification of the image in the book?

A

1000

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13
Q

A type of white blood cell called a macrophage measures 5 x 10-5 m. What does it measure in micrometres?

A

50

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

what does 1 micrometer equal

A

10 -6m

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16
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

protein synthesis

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17
Q

T or F digestion takes place along the alimentary canal

A

true

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18
Q

what is amylase

A

a carbohydrate that can break startch down into smaller molecules like glucose

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19
Q

where is amylase found

A

in your saliva

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20
Q

how are proteins digested

A

by protease enzymes

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21
Q

What are the different conditions in the stomach and small intestine

A

stomach has a ph of 2,small intestine has a ph of 8

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22
Q

what protein enzyme is used in the stomach

A

pepsin

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23
Q

What protein enzyme is used in your small intestine

A

trypsin

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24
Q

How are lipids digested

A

by lipases which turn it into glycerol and fatty acids

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25
Q

What is the name of the process in which lipids are digested

A

emulsification

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26
Q

what does emulsification do

A

breaks lipids into smaller droplets and these droplets have a larger surface area for the lipase enzymes to work on

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27
Q

Describe the 1st step of the test for the effect of ph on amylase

A

place a drop of iodine solution to each well of a spotting tile,get 3 testubes in the first add 2cm of startch solution,2nd add 2cm of amylase solution and in the 3rd add 2cm ph 5 buffer solution

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28
Q

What are buffer solutions used for

A

to control the ph

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29
Q

What is the 2nd step for the test on the effect of ph on amylase

A

place all 3 test tubes in a water bath at 30 degrees and leave it for 10 mins,then combine the 3 solutions into one test tube and stir it,return it to the waterbath and start a stopwatch

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30
Q

What is the 3rd step for the test on the effect of ph on amylase

A

after 30 seconds use the a rod to transfer a drop of solution to a well in the spotting tile which contains iodine,the iodine should turn blue-black showing that starch is present

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31
Q

what is the food test for starch

A

add food sample to the test tube,add a few drops of iodine solution to the food sample,if the sample contains starch it will turn blue-black

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31
Q

What is the 4th step for the test on the effect of ph on amylase

A

repeat the steps until the iodine remains orange,this tells us that starch is no longer present,repeat the experiment several time using different ph buffers

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32
Q

what is the food test for glucose

A

place a test tube into a water bath and leave it for 5 mins,add a few drops of benedicts solution if glucose is present the colour should change from blue to orange/brick red

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33
Q

what is the food test for proteins

A

get a test tube and place your food sample in it,add 2 drops of biuret solution if protein is present the colour will change from blue to purple

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34
Q

what is the food test for lipids

A

get your food sample in a test tube and add ethanol if lipids are present the solution will change from colourless to a cloudy emulsion

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35
Q

What should you do to the food samples before the food tests

A

use a pestle and a mortar to break up the food into small particles

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36
Q

what does the circulatory system do

A

transports nutrients and oxygen

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37
Q

What are the 3 main things the circulatory system relies on

A

blood,blood vessels,heart

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38
Q

in the circulatory system what does the deoxygenated blood do

A

carries blood from the heart to the lungs

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39
Q

in the circulatory system what does the oxygenated blood do

A

carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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40
Q

does the heart contain 4 chambers

A

yes

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41
Q

what are the top chambers of the heart called

A

an atria

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42
Q

what are the bottom chambers of the heart called

A

ventricles

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43
Q

what do valves do

A

prevent blood from flowing backwards

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44
Q

how does blood enter the heart

A

it goes in through the vena cava or the pulmonary vein

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45
Q

What is the 2nd stage of blood entering the heart

A

it flows into the right or left atrium

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46
Q

if blood is coming in from the vena cava would it be oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

deoxygenated

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47
Q

if blood is coming in from the pulmonary vein would it be oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

oxygenated

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48
Q

What is the 3rd stage of blood entering the heat

A

as the atriums contract the blood gets pushed into the ventricles

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49
Q

What is the 4th stage of blood entering the heart

A

as the ventricles contract blood gets pushed in either the pulmonary artery(lungs) or the aorta(rest of body)

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50
Q

where are pacemakers found in the heart

A

the right atrium

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51
Q

what do the pacemakers do to the heart

A

they send small electrical impulses to the muscles of the heart causing them to contract

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52
Q

what would happen if a pacemaker isn’t working properly

A

doctors can install an artifical pacemaker

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53
Q

how do artificaial pacemakers work

A

it has a wire that can carry electrical currents down to the heart,telling it to contract

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54
Q

what does an artery do

A

carries blood away from the heart

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55
Q

what does a vein do

A

carries blood to the heart

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56
Q

what do coronary arteries do

A

supplies muscles in the heart with all the oxygen and nutrients it needs

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57
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need a transport system?

A

To move molecules internally when the rate of diffusion would be too slow

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58
Q

T or F pulmonary circulation involves the collection of oxygen from alveoli in lungs

A

true

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59
Q

T or F red blood cells don’t have a nucleus

A

true

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60
Q

Which type of blood cell produces antibodies?

A

lymphocytes

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61
Q

where does the heart beat originate from

A

The heart beat originates in a group of specialised cells in the wall of the right atrium.

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62
Q

Describe 2 characteristics of a vein

A

Two characteristics of veins are that they have thin walls and a wide lumen.

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63
Q

What is a stent?

A

A stent is a tube of thin wire mesh that is used to keep a coronary artery open.

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64
Q

Wht should a patient do if there cholestral levels are to high

A

take a course of statins

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65
Q

An elite athlete’s cardiac output is measured as 35 dm3 per minute. If his measured heart rate is 180 beats per minute, what is his stroke volume?

A

194 cm3

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66
Q

how do you measure stroke volume

A

heart rate in beats per minute × stroke volume in cm3 per beat.

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67
Q

What sort of circulatory system is the human circulatory system?

A

a double circulatory system

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68
Q

What are the 3 blood vessels

A

arteries,capillaries,veins

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69
Q

what do capillaries do

A

exchange oxygen and nutrients with tissues

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70
Q

T or F blood insie arteries are at a very high pressure

A

true

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71
Q

describe the structure of arteries

A

strong and elastic,small lumen,2 layers

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72
Q

where does the blood go after the arteries

A

capillaries

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73
Q

describe the capillaries structure

A

very small,permeable,small lumen,surface area of all of them is huge,has a low blood pressure

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74
Q

What do the capillaries join on to

A

veins

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75
Q

Describe the structure of veins

A

large,big lumens,thin walls,blood carried is at a low pressure

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76
Q

what is the equation for calculating the rate of blood flow

A

amount of blood/time taken(minutes)

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77
Q

Individuals who have over what BMI are considered obese

A

30

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78
Q

t or f Some types of fat such as omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids should be increased in the diet.

A

true

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79
Q

What type of diabetes can be controlled by dietary and lifestyle factors and is referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes?

A

type 2

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80
Q

What vitamin aids the absorption of calcium and therefore helps reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis?

A

vitamin D

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81
Q

what is defiency amenia

A

A condition where the body lacks iron in the red blood cells, resulting in less oxygen being transported to cells.

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82
Q

Which health condition are post-menopausal women more at risk of developing due to losing bone mass rapidly?

A

osteoporosis.

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83
Q

A child should be breastfed or given fortified formula milk before the age of one to ensure they have enough of which nutrient?

A

iron

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84
Q

In order to maintain a healthy blood pressure, salt intake should be limited to how many grams per day?

A

6g

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85
Q

What is the medical term for high blood pressure?

A

hypertension

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86
Q

how do you calculate BMI

A

mass/height squared(m)

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87
Q

Calculate the BMI he weighs 140kg and his height is 192cm

A

140/1.92=38

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88
Q

In what case can the BMI chart be inacurrate

A

someone who has a lot of muscle could weigh a lot this is because muscle weighs more than fat,on the chart their BMI could come out as obese

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89
Q

What are the 4 factors that photosynthesis depends on

A

light intensity,temp,carbon dioxide,chlorophyll

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90
Q

What does chlorophyll do

A

absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

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91
Q

What are the reasons for a plant having less chlorophyll than another

A

diseases,lack of nutrients,enviromental stress

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92
Q

what relationship does light intensity have with photosynthesis

A

as light intensity increases so does the rate of photosynthesis but at a certain point it plateaus

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93
Q

What relationship does carbon dioxide have with the rate of photosynthesis

A

as carbon dioxide increases so does the rate of photosynthesis but at a certain point it plateaus

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94
Q

What relationship does temp have with carbon dioxide

A

first it initially rises but then it drops this is because the enzymes denature this happens at about 45 degrees

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95
Q

How do farmers increase the rate of photosynthesis in a colder climate with plants

A

put them in a greenhouse which traps the suns heat which increases the temp

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96
Q

What do paraffin heaters do and where is it used

A

pump carbon dioxide and releases heat this can be used in a greenhouse to increase the rate of photosynthesis

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97
Q

What do fertilisers do

A

provides plants with minerals

98
Q

What produces amino acids from glucose

A

nitrates

99
Q

What is a difference between plants adapted to sunny, and plants adapted to shady conditions?

A

The compensation point is lower in shade adapted plants than in plants adapted to sunny conditions.

100
Q

What is the compensation point?

A

The compensation point is the light intensity at which the rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration of a plant.

101
Q

Which parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are absorbed by the chlorophyll molecule?

A

Red and blue parts

102
Q

In an investigation on photosynthesis, why did a student add sodium hydrogencarbonate to the water?

A

as a source of carbon dioxide

103
Q

How do you calculate the % in mass change

A

final mass-inital mass/initial mass x100

104
Q

What can you conclude from the reverse osmosis potato experiment

A

the less amount of glucose and more time spent in the glucose solution resulted in the heaviest weight

105
Q

HIV/AIDS is which type of disease

A

A virus

106
Q

Salmonella is which type of pathogen

A

A bacterium

107
Q

Rose black spot is which type of pathogen

A

A fungus

108
Q

Malaria is caused by what type of pathogen?

A

A protist

109
Q

What term describes an organism that transmits a disease?

A

A vector

110
Q

How is measles often transmitted?

A

through the air

111
Q

T or F skin is an example of a non-specific defence against disease

A

true

112
Q

T or F lmphocytes produce antigens

A

false

113
Q

How do we know that viruses are not alive

A

because they do not complete all of the seven life processes: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Nutrition, Excretion, Reproduction and Growth.

114
Q

Do viruses divide and reproduce

A

no

115
Q

What symptoms can the norovirus cause

A

A common ‘upset tummy’ infection caused by a virus which is highly contagious.

116
Q

What are the symptoms of Ebola

A

Often fatal disease caused by a virus which originated in Africa.

117
Q

What does tobaco mocasiuis virus do

A

infects things like tomatoes and peppers,It infects the chloroplasts inside things making them change colour,crinkles the plants

118
Q

What does HIV stand for

A

human immundefiency virus

119
Q

How can HIV be transmitted

A

by bodily fluids,unprotected sex,injecting drugs through shared needles

120
Q

What does AIDS stand for

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

121
Q

What are measles

A

An infectious disease of the respiratory system caused by a virus.

122
Q

How are measles transmitted and what are the symptoms

A

It is transmitted through the air in tiny droplets after an infected person sneezes. It causes a fever and skin rash.

123
Q

T or F measles can cause infertility in adults

A

true

124
Q

T or F not all fungi causes diseases

A

true

125
Q

Give an example of a fungi that does not cause disease

A

yeast

126
Q

Give 2 examples of a fungal disease

A

athletes foot,rose black spot

127
Q

What are the symptoms of athletes foot and how is it transmitted

A

causes dry,red,cracked or wet flaky skin,transmitted by touching infected skin or surfaces

128
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spot and how is it transmitted

A

It infects leaves leaving black spots and this reduces the plants ability to photosynthesize,it is transmitted through air or water

129
Q

What are protists

A

a group of microorganisms that have features which belong to animals plants and fungi

130
Q

T or F protists are all eukaryotic

A

true

131
Q

T or F if something is eukaryotic it means it has a nucleus

A

true

132
Q

What protist is malaria spread by

A

Plasmodium protists

133
Q

What are mosquitos called when they transmit malaria

A

vectors

134
Q

What is a vector

A

any organism that can spread a disease

135
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria

A

fevers,sweats,chills,headaches

136
Q

how can you decrease your chances of getting malaria

A

sleep under mosquitos nets,wear insect repellent

137
Q

Describe xylem vessels

A

Narrow, hollow, dead tubes with lignin, responsible for the transport of water and minerals in plants.

138
Q

Which tissue in the leaf absorbs the most light for photosynthesis?

A

Palisade mesophyll

139
Q

Which tissue in the leaf is adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

Spongy mesophyll

140
Q

Which tissue transports water and minerals from the root to the leaves?

A

Xylem

141
Q

Which tissue transports sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant including roots for storage?

A

Phloem

142
Q

Translocation is the movement of which substance?

A

sucrose in the phloem

143
Q

Which cells control the stomata?

A

Guard cells

144
Q

What sort of process is translocation?

A

active

145
Q

What is the process which causes guard cells to become turgid?

A

osmosis

146
Q

What is an adaptation of a root hair cell

A

Root hair cells have a large surface area for increased absorption of water.

147
Q

T or F

A

The stomata of a desert plant are reduced in number and mainly closed to prevent water loss.

148
Q

How do plants make their own sugars

A

through photosynthesis

149
Q

What is translocation mainly used by

A

phloem cells

150
Q

why do phloem tubes have pores in them

A

to enable the movement of cell sap

151
Q

What is cell sap a mixture of

A

water and sugar

152
Q

why is the sugar in the cell sap useful

A

can be stored as energy,used directly as energy

153
Q

T or F phloem tubes can transport substances in either direction

A

true

154
Q

Decsribe xylem tubes cells

A

hollow with no tubes and strenghtned by a material c

155
Q

what are xylem cells jobs

A

transport water and mineral ions form the stem to the roots up to the leaves

156
Q

what is water in a plant driven by

A

the evaporation from the leaves

157
Q

why is the stomata always open

A

to let in carbon dioxide

158
Q

Define the term transpiration

A

the evaporation of water from the leaves

159
Q

What does transpiration stream mean

A

a chain of water molecules

160
Q

What are the 4 factors that influence the rate of transpiration

A

light intensity,temp,air flow,humidity

161
Q

What affect does light intensity have on the rate of transpiration

A

as theres lots of light more photosynthesis needs to happen so the stomata open to let more carbon dioxide in and so more water evaporates

162
Q

what affect does temp have on transpiration

A

the warmer it is the higher rate of transpiration this is because the water molecules have more energy so they’re more likely to evaporate and diffuse out of the stomata

163
Q

What affect does air flow being high have on transpiration

A

when it’s very windy the leaves are going to be blown away so the concentration gradient will be kept high which increases the rate of transpiration

164
Q

What affect does humidity have on transpiration

A

when the air is more humid it will decrease the rate of transpiration

165
Q

describe the process of plant organisation

A

similar cells to tissues to organs to organ systems

166
Q

How do leaves get their water

A

from the soil it goes up the roots then up the xylem to the leaves

167
Q

How does the carbon dioxide get into the leaves

A

it diffuses through the stomata

168
Q

Where is the stomata mainly located

A

in the lower eperdermis

169
Q

Where does the carbon dioxide go after it diffuses through the stomata

A

it goes into the spongey mesophyll

170
Q

how is the spongy mesophyll adapted for carbon dioxide

A

lots of air space so it can diffuse into the pallisade mesophyll area

171
Q

Where does most of the photosynthesis happen and why

A

in the pallisade mesophyll as it has lots of chloroplasts

172
Q

What is above the palisade mesophyll

A

upper epidermis

173
Q

What is the glucose transported through once photosynthesis is carried out

A

through the phloem

174
Q

How does the leaf help minimise water loss

A

it has a waxy cuticle on top which stops the water from getting through

175
Q

what is the waxy cuticle made up

A

a thin layer of lipids

176
Q

Why is the stomata only open for a short amount of time

A

to maximise carbon dioxide diffusion and minimize water loss

177
Q

How is each stoma adapted to maximise carbon dioxide diffusion and minimize water loss

A

each stoma is in between a guard cell when the water is coming out this will make the guard cells turgid,when there is not enough carbon dioxide the guard cells come together and this will trap the water vapour

178
Q

How do guard cells conserve water when at night

A

when it’s night there is no photosynthesis happening so the guard cells close meaning no water can get out

179
Q

Where is meristem tissue found

A

the growing roots of plants

180
Q

what does meristem tissues do

A

they can differentiate into lots of different cell types so the plant can grow

181
Q

T or FA gene is a short section of DNA that codes for a protein.

A

true

182
Q

What is the job of specialised cells in the excretory system

A

Remove waste products and regulate the water content of the body

183
Q

T or F Two daughter cells are produced when a cell divides by mitosis. Each has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells.

A

true

184
Q

What happens in the stage that is before mitosis in the cell cycle?

A

The stage before mitosis involves a period of growth, during which time DNA is checked for errors.

185
Q

T or F Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into different cell types.

A

true

186
Q

A scientist observes 100 cancer cells with a microscope. If 16 cells are undergoing mitosis, and the length of the cell cycle is 400 hours, what is the length of mitosis?

A

64 hours 16/100 X400

187
Q

What is the calculation to calculate the length of mitosis

A

(number of cells undergoing mitosis X other bit of information which has a number)divided by the time length

188
Q

What is an ethical consideration of stem cells

A

An ethical consideration about embryonic stem cell use is that embryos are being produced just so that stem cells can be extracted for research.

189
Q

Where do plant cell stems occur

A

in meristems

190
Q

Why are meristematic cells grown in a sterile culture medium?

A

Meristematic cells are grown in sterile culture media to avoid the growth of microorganisms.

191
Q

What are guard cells in plants specialised to do?

A

Guard cells in plants are specialised to open and close to let carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis.

192
Q

At what stage is each of the cells fate determined

A

the embryo stage

193
Q

What can stem cells be used to repair or treat

A

damaged organs or bones they can treat new brain cells

194
Q

What are the 2 types of stem cells

A

embryonic,adult

195
Q

What are embroyonic stem cells

A

unspecialised cells that can develop into any type of cell

196
Q

what are adult stem cells

A

unspecialised cells that can develop into most cells but not every

197
Q

Where do adult stem cells come from

A

bone marrow

198
Q

Where do embryotic stem cells come from

A

taken from unused embryos

199
Q

How many patients in europe are treated with blood stem cells

A

26,000

200
Q

what is theraputic cloning

A

cloning a patient using an embryo form the clone cells and then extracting the embryo to grow a specific organ for the patient

201
Q

What is the argument against theraputic cloning

A

people don’t think it’s ok to mess with god

202
Q

what can embryos also be developed into

A

flowers,roots,leafs

203
Q

T or F embryonic cells are present in meristems

A

true

204
Q

What is the process called which cells get their energy from

A

cellular respiration

205
Q

How does our lungs supply oxygen to us

A

it transports the oxygen molecules into our bloodstream

206
Q

Describe the process of oxygen enertering our body through our lungs

A

as we breathe in the oxygen goes down through the trachea from there it divides between our bronchi and then further divides between bronchioles it then reaches the alvoli

207
Q

Alveoli is the site of ?

A

gas exchange

208
Q

describe the structure of an alveolus

A

thin walls,walls are moist

209
Q

Why is an alveolus adapted to have thin walls

A

it increases the rate at which carbon dioxide and oxygen can diffuse across

210
Q

T or F alveoli has a very small surface area

A

false it has a very large

211
Q

why is an alveolus wall made moist

A

it allows gases to dissolve which increases the rate of diffusion

212
Q

is carbon dioxide carried by red blood cells

A

no it’s just dissolved around it

213
Q

how do you calculate breathing rate

A

number of breaths taken/number of minutes

214
Q

Which tissue layer of the leaf carries out most of the light absorption for photosynthesis?

A

palisade mesophyll

215
Q

What causes the stomata to open?

A

when guard cells become turgid

216
Q

What is the name of the process by which carbon dioxide and oxygen enter and leave the leaf?

A

gas exchange

217
Q

what is carried in the phoelm vessels of the plant

A

sucrose

218
Q

What is the loss of water vapour through the stomata called?

A

transpiration

219
Q

What is a function of transpiration

A

Transpiration cools the leaf by the evaporation of water from the spongy mesophyll cells.

220
Q

What is the name of the process in which water moves into the root hair cell?

A

osmosis

221
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to maximise water absorption?

A

Root hair cells are long and thin to give a large surface area for maximum water absorption.

222
Q

What two things are measured in a potometer to give an estimate of the rate of transpiration?

A

A potometer measures the distance the air bubble travels along the tube in a given time. The rate of transpiration is then estimated.

223
Q

how many doses of antibiotics are prescribed each day

A

20

224
Q

What is antibiotics

A

a group of drugs used to treat a disease caused by bacteria

225
Q

Can antibiotics treat colds

A

no it can only treat diseases caused by bacteria

226
Q

what was the first antibiotic created/discovered and who by

A

pencillin by alexander flemming

227
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 METHODS FOR MAKING ANTIBIOTICSS

A

Naturally,synthetically,semi-synthetically

228
Q

What does it mean if an antibitotic is synthetic

A

it is made in a lab

229
Q

What does it mean if an antibiotic is semi-synthetic

A

it takes naturally occuring antibitotics and uses additional lab work to add things like amino acids to it

230
Q

Why do antibiotics not work against viruses

A

because viruses are not living organisms,so they don’t have metabolic processes that the antibiotics can distrupt

231
Q

T or F bacteria is becoming resistant to antibiotics

A

true

232
Q

Why are some bacterias resistant to antibiotics and why is it dangerous

A

some bacteria has a natural resistance to antibiotics and these can then reproduce and the ones they reproduce are also resistant

233
Q

What is an antigen?

A

An antigen is a chemical on the surface of a pathogen.

234
Q

How do vaccines protect people against disease infections?

A

Vaccines introduce pathogenic antigens, which cause white blood cells to produce antibodies.

235
Q

What do antigens do

A

They stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies

236
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

Antibiotics damage bacterial cells and kill them.

237
Q

Why do scientists grow bacteria in the laboratory?

A

Scientists grow bacteria in the laboratory to allow them to check the effectiveness of antibiotics or antibacterial substances at killing them.

238
Q

Why do schools and colleges grow bacterial plates at 25 degrees Celsius?

A

The temp helps prevent harmful pathogens growing

239
Q

What is a zone of inhibition?

A

Area where the growth of the bacteria has been slowed or stopped

240
Q

How do you measure the size of the zone of inhibition?

A

pi radius squared

241
Q

How are drugs checked for safety?

A

Drugs are tested for efficacy, toxicity and dosage.

242
Q

What are the different stages of drugs trials?

A

Preclinical trials using cells, tissues and animals. Then clinical trials using healthy human volunteers and patients.

243
Q

What type of drug trials are there?

A

The types of drug trials that exist are blind, double blind and open trials.

Chemistry (14 decks)

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