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Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

The Nucleus Contains what ?

A

genetic info needed for replication

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2
Q

2 Main Functions of the Mitochondria

A
  1. site of metabolic processes
  2. ATP production
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3
Q

7 Metabolic Processes the Mitochondria is Involved in

A
  1. pyruvate dehydrogenase
  2. citric acid cycle
  3. ETC
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
  5. B-oxidation
  6. parts of gluconeogenesis
  7. urea cycle
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4
Q

Lysosomes

A

are membrane-bound with hydrolytic enzymes that break down substrates

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5
Q

Describe the Structure of the Rough ER

A

interconnected membranous structure with ribosomes studding the outside

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6
Q

Function of the Rough ER

A

site of protein synthesis for proteins destined for insertion into a membrane or secretion

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7
Q

Describe the Structure of the Smooth ER

A

interconnected membranous structure

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8
Q

2 Functions of the Smooth ER

A
  1. lipid synthesis
  2. detoxification
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9
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

membrane-bound sacs where post translational protein modifications occur

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10
Q

Peroxisomes Contain what ?

A

hydrogen peroxide

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11
Q

Function of Perixosomes

A

site of B-oxidation of long chain fatty acids

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12
Q

Basis of the Fluid Mosaic Model

A

phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and embedded proteins

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13
Q

Exterior of the Phospholipid Bilayer

A

hydrophilic phosphate head groups

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14
Q

Interior of the Phospholipid Bilayer

A

hydrophobic fatty acid tails

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15
Q

3 Tenets to the Original Cell Theory

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells
  2. cell is the basic unit of life
  3. cells arise from preexisting cells
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16
Q

Advancements in what Field Introduced a 4th Tenet to the Cell Theory ?

A

molecular biology

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17
Q

What is the Added 4th Tenet to the Original Cell Theory ?

A

cells carry genetic info in the form of DNA that is passed to daughter cells

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18
Q

Where are Membrane-Bound Organelles Found ?

A

eukaryotes

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19
Q

Prokaryotes Lack a what ?

A

a nucleus

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20
Q

How are Prokaryotes Classified ?

A

by shape

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21
Q

3 Prokaryotic Shapes

A
  1. cocci - spherical
  2. bacilli - rod-like
  3. spirilli - spiral
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22
Q

What Forms the Cell Envelope in Prokaryotes ?

A

is formed from the cell wall and cell membrane

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23
Q

2 Prokaryotic Classifications Based on the Cell Envelope

A
  1. gram positive
  2. gram negative
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24
Q

Gram Positive Prokaryotes

A

thick peptidoglycan layers in the envelope

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25
Gram Negative Prokaryotes
thin peptidoglycan layers with lipopolysaccharides
26
How do All Prokaryotes Divide ?
by binary fission
27
Eukaryotic Flagella Contain what ?
a basal body that serves as the engine for motion
28
Basis of Binary Fission
circular chromosome replicates and attaches to the cell wall, plasma membrane/cell wall grow along the midline and divide to form daughter cells
29
Mitosis Produces what ?
2 identical daughter cells
30
4 Stages of Cell Division
1. G1 - cell increases its organelles/cytoplasm 2. S - DNA replication 3. G2 - same as G1 4. M - cell divides in 2
31
What is Part of the Ectoderm ?
nervous system, epidermis, lens of the eye, inner ear
32
What is Part of the Endoderm ?
lining of the digestive tract, lungs, liver, pancreas
33
What is Part of the Mesoderm ?
muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, gonads, kidney
34
3 Important Features to Meiosis I
1. 2 pairs of sister chromatids form tetrads during prophase 1 2. crossing over leads to genetic recombination in prophase 1 3. homologous chromosomes separate during metaphase 1
35
In which Phase of Meiosis 1 are Tetrads Formed ?
prophase 1
36
When does Crossing Over Occur in Sexual Reproduction ?
prophase 1
37
Meiosis II is Identical to what Process ?
mitosis just without the replication
38
4 Stages of Early Development
1. cleavage 2. implantation 3. gastrulation 4. neurulation
39
Cleavage in Early Development
is mitotic divisions
40
Implantation in Early Development
embryo implants during the blastula stage
41
Gastrulation in Early Development
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm form
42
Neurulation in Early Development
germ layers develop a nervous system
43
7 Roles of the Liver in Homeostasis
1. gluconeogenesis 2. processing of nitrogenous wastes {urea} 3. detoxification of wastes/chemicals/drugs 4. storage of iron and vitamin A 5. synthesis of bile/blood proteins 6. B-oxidation of fatty acids to ketones 7. interconversion of carbohydrates, fats, amino acids
44
5 Layers of the Epidermis
1. stratum corneum 2. stratum lucidum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum spinosum 5. stratum basalis
45
3 Main Processes of Osmoregulation
1. filtration 2. secretion 3. reabsorption
46
Where does Filtration Occur in Osmoregulation ?
at the glomerulus where filtrate passes through passively
47
Is Filtration at the Glomerulus Passive or Active ?
is passive
48
3 Main Substances that are Secreted during Osmoregulation
1. acids 2. bases 3. ions they are secreted from interstitial fluid to filtrate
49
Where are Substances Secreted during Osmoregulation ?
from interstitial fluid to filtrate
50
3 Main Goals of Secretion in Osmoregulation
1. maintain pH 2. maintain [K] 3. maintain [waste]
51
Basis of Reabsorption in Osmoregulation
essential substances/water flow from filtrate into blood
52
What Enables Reabsorption in Osmoregulation ?
is enabled by the osmolarity gradient and selective permeability of the walls
53
Is Secretion Passive or Active in Osmoregulation ?
has passive and active parts
54
Is Reabsorption Passive or Active in Osmoregulation ?
has passive and active parts
55
What does Aldosterone Stimulate ?
Na/water reabsorption
56
Aldosterone is Secreted by what ?
adrenal cortex
57
Aldosterone is Secreted in Response to what ?
low blood pressure
58
Aldosterone is Regulated by what System ?
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
59
What is the Other Name for ADH ?
vasopressin
60
ADH Mechanism
increase the collecting duct's permeability to water to increase water reabsorption
61
ADH is Released by what ?
by the posterior pituitary
62
ADH is Released in Response to what ?
to high blood osmolarity
63
2 Things Regulated by the Kidneys
1. blood osmolarity 2. blood volume
64
What is the Functional Unit of the Kidney ?
nephron
65
Describe the Ion Gradient in the Kidneys
ion gradient increases down the loop of Henle
66
What Substance is Actively Transported Out of the Loop of Henle ?
NaCl
67

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