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Stem407 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Postulated by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow
  • Composed of three tenets:
A

The Cell Theory

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2
Q

Three tenets of cell theory

A
  1. Cells are the smallest and most basic unit of structure and function of an organism
  2. All organism are composed of cells
  3. Cells arise from pre-existing cell
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3
Q

First record of seeing a cell and identifying it belongs to?

A

Robert Hooke

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4
Q

Common structure of cell

A
  • Cell/ plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Genetic Material
  • Ribosomes
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5
Q

The outer boundary of cell that separates its contents from the environment. It varies in composition

A

Cell/plasma membrane

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6
Q

A gel-like substance that constitutes the internal environment and holds all of the structural components of the cell

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material which holds information for cell activities and function

A

Genetic material

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8
Q

Structure that manufacture proteins which are needed for cell function.

Small structures that are scattered throughout the cytoplasm for the process of protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q
  • Earliest and most primitive cell
  • Contains only simple structures with very little differentiation
  • Size varies from 0.1 - 5 μm
  • Consists of organisms from the Domain, Archea, and Bacteria
A

Prokaryotic Cells

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10
Q

Structure of prokaryotic cell

A
  • capsule
  • cell wall
  • plasma membrane
  • mesosome
  • cytoplasm and cytosol
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11
Q

For activities and function of prokaryotic cell

A
  • ribosome
  • pili
  • flagellum
  • fimbriae
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12
Q

for genetic material of prokaryotic of cell

A
  • nucleoid
  • plasmid
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13
Q

The outermost layer that encases the entire cell for additional protection.

Usually composed of polysaccharides

A

capsule

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14
Q

A rigid case that encloses the entire cell and give the cell a shape.

A

Cell wall

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15
Q

The cell wall of a bacteria are composed of _____, meanwhile archaea does not.

A

Peptidoglycans

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16
Q

A semipermeable membrane that encloses the internal structure of the cell that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.

A

Plasma membrane

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17
Q

The membrane of a bacteria is composed of 1. _____?

The membrane of archaea is composed of 2. _____?

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. Non-fatty acids
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18
Q

Folds of the plasma membrane that enter the area of the cytoplasm.

This is where the electron transport system for the creation of cell energy is located.

A

Mesosome

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19
Q

Liquid portion of the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

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20
Q

Prokaryotes have 1. ___ and ___ subunits forming a 2. ___ ribosomes

A
  1. 30s and 50s
  2. 70s
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21
Q

A tail-liked appendage anchored to the cell membrane and wall that allows a prokaryote locomotion through a circular motion.

This can be either be seen at the end of the cell or scattered randomly.

A

Flagellum

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22
Q

additional small and bristle like fibers scattered throughout the cell surface.

They are used for attachment navigation, and propelling certain molecules or molecules or certain objects toward the cell

23
Q

Region of cell where the dna is present.

Prokaryotes do not have an enclosed structure for its genetic materials such as a nucleus.

Ribosomes and enzymes are seen near this region.

24
Q

Small independent loops of DNA which are separate from the chromosomal DNA found in the nucleoid.

Important for the genetic advantage of prokaryotes .

25
Highly evolved, complex structures, and larger size compared to prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
26
Size range of eukaryotes
10 - 100μm
27
Eukaryote is divided into 4 parts
Protist, fungi, animalia, and plantea.
28
Eukaryotes heavy 1. ____ of internal structures are known as 2. ____.
1. Compartmentalization 2. Organelles
29
Eukaryote cell structures can be categorized as either for.
1. structure for protection. 2. genetic control organelles. 3. manufacturing, storing, distributing, and breakdown organelles. 4. Organelles for structural support, movement, and communication between cells.
30
Structures for protection of eukaryotes
1. Cell membrane 2. Membrane proteins 3. Cell wall 4. Cytoplasm
31
Functions as barrier to separate the environment and the internal structures of the cell. Also regulates the passage of molecules to and from the cell.
Cell membrane
32
composition of the two layer of cell membrane
phospholipids bilayer
33
Phospholipid are 1. ___ that exhibit both polar (2. ___) and non-polar (3. ___) ends.
1. organic molecules 2. Hydrophilic 3. Hydrophobic
34
The cause of phospholipid bipolar nature is due to three key structures it possesses:
1. Charged Phosphate group 2. Three carbon glycerol molecules 3. Two fatty acid tails
35
Composed of proteins and other molecules that are randomly scattered.
Membrane Proteins
36
The presence of membrane proteins and other molecules is why the cell membrane is termed as ____.
Fluid mosaic
37
Structures embedded in cell membrane
1. Transport proteins 2. Channel proteins 3. Cell recognition 4. Junction proteins 5. Receptor proteins 6. Enzymatic proteins 7. Carbohydrate chains 8. Cholesterol
38
Create passageways for ions and polar molecules to pass freely through the cell membrane
Transport proteins
39
form tunnels for the import and export of materials and wastes
Channel proteins
40
Enable cells to distinguish own cells from that of other organisms
Cell recognition proteins
41
Assist in cell-to-cell adhesion and communication between cells
Junction proteins
42
facilitate exchange of signals between calls by changing its shape to allow specific molecules (ligands) to bind to it
Receptor proteins
43
participate in metabolic reactions such as degradation and synthesis to sustain life in the cell
Enzymatic proteins
44
serve as identification tags for the cell recognition proteins
carbohydrate chains
45
strengthens the cell membrane by making it more flexible but less fluid. It also makes the membrane less permeable to water-soluble substances
cholesterol
46
An additional boundary between the cell membrane and the environment for added structural support and protection. Only found in plant cells (also present in bacteria)
Cell wall
47
Cell wall composition of fungi
Chitin
48
Cell wall composition of algae
Polysaccharide cellulose
49
membranous organelles (single membrane)
golgi body, lysosomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicle, and vacuole.
50
membranous organelles (double membrane)
nucleus, mitochondria
51
non-membranous organelles
Ribosomes and centriole
52
Genetic control organelles
Nucleus and DNA
53
The storehouse

Stem407 (13 decks)

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