Biology

Question 1

What are the ovaries and what is their function?

Answer 1

• Paired organs located on either side of the uterus
• Produce eggs (ova) and hormones e.g. oestrogen and progesterone,

Question 2

What are the fallopian tubes and what is their function?

Answer 2

• Tubes connecting the ovaries to the uterus.
• Fertilisation typically occurs here when sperm meets an egg.

Question 3

What is the uterus and what is its function?

Answer 3

• Pear Shaped Organ
• It houses the developing foetus during pregnancy and contracts during labour to expel the baby

Question 4

What is the cervix and what is its function?

Answer 4

-Entrance to the uterus
-Gains a plug when child is in womb

Question 5

What is the vagina and what is its function?

Answer 5

• It receives the penis during sexual intercourse
• Serves as the passage for menstrual blood and acts as the birth canal.
  -A muscular canal that extends from the vulva to the neck of the uterus (cervix).

Question 6

What are the testes and what is their function?

Answer 6

• Paired organs located in the scrotum
• Produce sperm through spermatogenesis
• Secrete testosterone

Question 7

What is the scrotum and what is its function?

Answer 7

• Pouch of skin and muscle housing the testes
• Maintains the temperature of the testes slightly lower than body temperature

Question 8

What is the epididymis and what is its function?

Answer 8

• Coiled tubes located behind each testicle
• Store and mature sperm
• Transport sperm from the testes to the vas deferens during ejaculation

Question 9

What are the seminal vesicles and what is their function?

Answer 9

• Glands located near the base of the bladder
• Produce seminal fluid, a component of semen that provides energy and protection for sperm

Question 10

What are the two types of chromosomes and what are they?

Answer 10

The two types of chromosomes are autosomes (somatic cells) and sex chromosomes (gender-determining)

Question 11

What is the prostate gland what is its function?

Answer 11

• A gland located beneath the bladder and surrounding the urethra
• Produces prostatic fluid, which mixes with sperm and seminal fluid to form semen
• Helps neutralise acidic vaginal pH.

Question 12

What is the urethra (male) and what is its function?

Answer 12

• The tube that carries semen and urine from the bladder out of the body
• Serves as the passage for both urine and semen, allowing for ejaculation and sexual intercourse

Question 13

What is the centromere?

Answer 13

The region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids are held together and where the spindle fibres attach during mitosis is called the centromere

Question 14

What is a chromatid?

Answer 14

A chromatid is one identical half of a chromosome

Question 15

What is chromatin?

Answer 15

Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Question 16

What are autosomes?

Answer 16

Autosomes are the chromosomes in the body that determine the characteristics of an organism.

Question 17

What is the penis and what is its function?

Answer 17

• The external male genital organ
• Enables sexual intercourse and ejaculation
• Contains erectile tissue that becomes engorged with blood during arousal

Question 18

What are sex chromosomes?

Answer 18

Sex chromosomes are involved in gender determination. There are two, in the forms of X and Y. Males have XY. Females have XX.

Question 19

What is a chromosome?

Answer 19

Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA and wrapped in a protein, referred to as, ‘Histone’ found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. They carry genetic information in the form of genes, which are units of heredity responsible for specific traits.

Question 20

What is a karyotype?

Answer 20

A karyotype is an individual’s complete set of chromosomes.

Question 21

What is mitosis?

Answer 21

Mitosis is a type of cell division in eukaryotic, somatic cells, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell. Mitosis serves as an essential factor of somatic cell reparation, general growth and of asexual reproduction.

Question 22

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 22

• DNA consists of two long strands forming a twisted ladder, referred to as a double helix.
• Each strand is made of repeating units called nucleotides, each comprising:
  
  • A phosphate group
  • A five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
  • A nitrogenous base (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, or Guanine)
• Backbone: The sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside, with the bases on the inside.
• The two strands run antiparalled to each other
• The double helix has major and minor grooves, which are important for protein binding.

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Question 23

What happens in interphase?

Answer 23

• Cell grows in size to accommodate additional chromosomes,
• DNA replication occurs, leading to there being 92 chromosomes in the nucleus,
• Extra organelles and proteins are created for the daughter cells

Question 24

What happens in prophase?

Answer 24

• Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere.
• The spindle, made of microtubules, begins to form from the centrosomes.

Question 25

What happens in metaphase?

Answer 25

- Chromosomes align along the centre of the cell. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive one copy of each chromosome.

Question 26

What happens in anaphase?

Answer 26

- Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibres towards opposite poles of the cell. This separation ensures that each pole will have an identical set of chromosomes.

Question 27

What happens in telophase?

Answer 27

- Chromatids arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense back into chromatin. - The nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes, creating two separate nuclei.

Question 28

How does DNA code for proteins?

Answer 28

- The sequence of bases encodes genetic instructions, essential for the development and functioning of living organisms and many viruses

Question 29

What is the base pairing of the complementary nitrogenous bases?

Answer 29

- Base Pairing: - Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) through two hydrogen bonds. - Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G) through three hydrogen bonds.

Question 30

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 30

- DNA stores genetic information vital for the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms.

Question 31

What is a kinetochore?

Answer 31

A region on a chromosome associated with cell division

Question 32

What is a telomere?

Answer 32

A cap of DNA on the tip of a chromosome that enables DNA to be replicated safely without losing valuable information

Question 33

What is Cytokinesis?

Answer 33

- Cytokinesis is the final step of cell division, where the cytoplasm divides, forming two distinct daughter cells.

Question 34

How does the process of cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?

Answer 34

- In animal cells: A contractile ring forms a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell membrane inwards until the cell is split into two. - In plant cells: A cell plate forms along the centerline, developing into a separating wall.

Question 35

What is the enzyme that unzips the gene and creates m-Rna?

Answer 35

The Rna Polymerase

Question 36

When the Rna polymerase begins to read the nucleotides and creates corresponding nitrogenous bases for the m-Rna, what is this process called?

Answer 36

The process is called Transcription

Question 37

Where does the m-Rna travel to after being fully processed by the Rna polymerase?

Answer 37

It travels outside of the nucleus, into the cytoplasm

Question 38

What does the m-Rna do inside of the cytoplasm?

Answer 38

The M-Rna is read by the protein factories inside of the cytoplasm called ribosomes where amino acid chains are created

Question 39

What is an amino acid chain called?

Answer 39

A polypeptide

Question 40

What is the function of t-Rna molecules?

Answer 40

When the ribosome reads the m-Rna in triplets, the t-Rna molecules delivers the corresponding amino acid creating a long chain called a polypeptide.

Question 41

What is a t-rna molecule?

Answer 41

-A molecule that contains 3 bases ( Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine) that code for 1 specific amino acid - Applied to for the corresponding bases of the m-Rna chain

Question 42

When does the Ribosome know when the polypeptide is complete?

Answer 42

It will run into a "stop" codon sequence that dictates the polypeptide is done, forming a full protein