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Applied Science > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 points in the cell theory ?

A
  • All organisms are composed of cells
  • Cells are the basic unit of structure in organisms
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

What is the formula for magnification ?

A

magnification = (image size) / (actual size)

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3
Q

What is magnification ?

A

how many times bigger an image of something is compared to it’s real size

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4
Q

What is resolution ?

A

how clearly 2 objects close together can be seen as separate

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5
Q

What are the rules for biological drawings ?

A
  • include magnification
  • no crossed lines
  • no arrows
  • include title
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6
Q

How are electron microscopes different from optical microscopes ?

A
  • Specimin must be dead (in a vacuum)
  • Pictures in black and white
  • Much higher maximum magnification
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7
Q

What are prokaryotic cells ?

A
  • bacteria
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8
Q

What organelles are always present in a prokaryotic cell ?

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • cell wall
  • nucleoid
  • ribosome
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9
Q

Is bacteria DNA bacteria associated with proteins ?

A

no

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10
Q

What contains the DNA in a prokaryotic cell ?

A

Nucleoid or plasmids

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11
Q

What is the nucleoid ?

A

Loop of circular DNA free in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

What organelles are sometimes in a prokaryotic cell ?

A
  • Plasmis
  • Capsule
  • Flagella
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13
Q

What do plasmids do ?

A
  • carry genes that protect the cell from antibiotics
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14
Q

What is conjugation ?

A

Plasmids transferred from one cell to another via a pilus which forms between the 2 cells to transfer a copy of the plasmid.

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15
Q

What does a ribosome do ?

A

Protein synthesis (makes proteins)
- eg. enzymes

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16
Q

Which ribosomes are found in each cell ?

A

70s : Prokaryotic
80s : Eukaryotic

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17
Q

What is a capsule ?

A

Slime that surrounds the bacteria (only found in some)
Made from a thick polysaccharide

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18
Q

What does a capsule do ?

A

Prevent the prokaryotic cell from drying out

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19
Q

What is the structure of a Gram+ cell wall ?

A

Has peptidoglycan, inner membrane (prokaryotic)

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20
Q

What is the structure of a Gram- cell wall ?

A

Has peptidoglycan, inner + outer membrane (prokaryotic)

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21
Q

What does the cell wall do ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Provide structure and stability

22
Q

What can move across the cell membrane without the need of a protein ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Uncharged molecules

23
Q

What does the cell membrane consist of ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Phospholipid bilayer, Proeteins, Cholesterol and glycoproteins

24
Q

What does the channel protein do ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Open and close to let molecules through

25
What does the carrier protein do ?
Lets specifically shamed molecules through
26
What are the passive movements ?
- Osmosis - Diffusion (simple and facilitated) all require no energy and move down conc. grad.
27
What are the active movements ?
- Active Transport - Bulk transport (exocytosis, endocytosis) all use ATP
28
What happens in the cytoplasm ?
Chemical reactions
29
What is the structure of the Nucleus ?
Nucleolus surrounded by nuclear membrane with nuclear pores
30
What is the function of the Nucleus ?
Contains DNA and RNA
31
What is mitochondria ?
Site of respiration
32
What are a pair of antagonistic muscles ?
One muscle relaxes (antagonist) while another contracts (agonist)
33
What happens when myoblast (stem cell) join together ?
form muscle cells
34
What is a sarcomere ?
1 contractile unit
35
What is the A band ?
point of overlap between myosin and actin
36
What is the I band ?
either side of Z line overlap of titin and actin
37
What is the H band ?
Point of no overlap of myosin
38
What is the Z line ?
titin, wiggly and at the normal to the rest of the components
39
What is the M line ?
myosin, straight and at the normal to the rest of the components
40
What is the process of muscle contraction ?
1 - Calcium ions are in the zone of overlap between actin and myosin 2 - Calcium binds to troponin (weakens bond between actin and troponin-tropomyosin complex) -> Exposes active sites of actin 3 - Energized Myosin heads bind to actin active site -> Forms cross bridge 4 - Energy stored released as Myosin pivots (power stroke) -> energy released in the form of ADP + P 5 - Another ATP binds to Myosin head, link between Myosin head and active site broken -> Active site exposed 6 - Energy released from bond between ADP and P pivots Myosin head back to original position
41
What changes and stays the same during muscle contraction ?
The A band and H band shorten and pull together, producing tension The M line stays the same
42
How does muscle relaxation occur ?
- An active process Calcium falls and detatches rom tryponin Active sites re covered by trypomyosin
43
How are muscles adapted for slow twitches ?
Energy via aerobic respiration Lots of; mitochondria, capillaries, myoglobin (stores O₂) Less of; glycogen, phosphocreatine, sarcoplasmic reticulum (stores calcium)
44
How are muscles adapted for fast twitches ?
Energy via anaerobic repiration large diameter Lots of; glycogen, phosphocreatine, sarcoplasmic reticulum (stores calcium) Less of; mitochondria, cappilaries, myoglobin (stores O₂)
45
How is a sperm specialised ?
haploid Nucleus (half chromosomes) lots of mitochondria for energy flagella to aid in swimming acrosome contains enzymes (digests outer egg)
46
How is an egg specialised ?
haploid nucleus (half chromosomes) vesciles contain a substance to stop more than 1 sperm fertilising cytoplasm full of energy zona pellucida stop more than 1 sperm fertilising the egg corona radiata supply proteins
47
How are white blood cells specialised ?
large nucleus often have protrusions found in blood and tissues to move to infections easily
48
How are red blood cells specialised ?
Biconcave shape to increase surface area : volume ratio (more diffusion of O₂ and CO₂) No organelles so more room for haemoglobin -> carries O₂
49
What are columnar epithelium cells (respiratory system)
Cells that line the trachea and bronchi
50
How are columnar epithelium cells specialised ?
Lots of mitochondria Cilia to move mucus away from the lungs Goblet cells produce mucus to trap unwanted particles
51
How is Chronic Obstructine Pulminary Disease (COPD) caused ?
Cigarette Smoke slows cilia of columnar epithelial cells Stop wafting away mucus and mucus builds up Clogged airways -> coughing, which can rupture alveoli cells Can also create an environment for pathogens to grow
52

Applied Science (3 decks)

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