Biology Flashcards
Biology (75 cards)
1
Q
non polar covalent bonds
A
equal number of shared electrons
2
Q
Polar covalent bonds
A
unequal number of shared electrons
3
Q
Is water Polar or Non Polar?
A
Polar, water has an equal number of shared electrons
4
Q
What is the backbone of all organic molecules?
A
Carbon
5
Q
Ribosomes
A
Creating proteins (butcher, meat) (Plant and animal)
6
Q
Nucleus
A
Storing genetic information (Plant and animal cells)
7
Q
Cellular respiration produces ATP
A
True (in the equation) other one is photosynthesis
8
Q
Vacuoles
A
Storing molecules in a cell (Vacuum all the molecules into a cell) (Plant and animal cells)
9
Q
Cell Membrane
A
Surrounds the cell and is semipermeable (Divider in the cell) (plant and animal cells)
10
Q
Lysosomes
A
Breaking down molecules
11
Q
Product is
A
after
12
Q
reactant is
A
before
13
Q
Golgi Apparatus
A
Amazon, storage Sends proteins to final destination. Sort, tag, package (plant and animal cells)
14
Q
Mitochondria
A
Produces energy from chemical stores (plant and animal cells)
15
Q
Prokaryotic
A
No nucleus, no cytoplasm organelles or cytoskeleton. Bacteria and archaea have prokaryotic cells
16
Q
Eukaryotic
A
Contains nucleus, basis for all multicellular organisms (humans, plants, and animals, fungi)
17
Q
Solute concentration gradient
A
A difference in the concentration of a dissolved substance (solute) between two areas, like across a cell membrane, where one side has a higher concentration of the solute compared to the other, causing molecules to naturally move from the high concentration area to the low concentration area through diffusion
18
Q
Hypertonic
A
Greater solute concentration
19
Q
Isotonic
A
Equal solute concentration
20
Q
Hypotonic
A
Lower solute concentration
21
Q
What would water movement be like if a cell was placed in salt water?
A
Due to osmosis the cell would move out of the water from high to low (passive)
22
Q
ATP
A
Energy currency in cells
23
Q
Enzyme
A
proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body and in food processing
24
Q
Active Site
A
a small cavity or groove on the enzyme’s surface where a substrate binds and undergoes a chemical reaction.
25
Substrate
an underlying substance or layer.
the surface or material on or from which an organism lives, grows, or obtains its nourishment.
26
Human Digestive
a group of organs that work together to break down food into nutrients the body can absorb, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
27
Respiratory system
a set of organs and structures that enable gas exchange in animals and plants. In humans, the respiratory system's main function is to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the body.
28
Circulatory System
the system that circulates blood and lymph through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and the lymphatic vessels and glands.
29
Where is the electron transport chain located?
on the inner membrane of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells; in prokaryotes, it is found within the plasma membrane.
30
Where is oxygen used?
Oxygen is used in cellular respiration at the electron transport chain, specifically within the inner mitochondrial membrane
31
Anaerobic Cell Respiration
Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly. two molecules of ATP along with either lactic acid (in animal cells) or ethanol and carbon dioxide (in yeast and some bacteria
32
Aerobic Cell Respiration
Aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen and releases more energy but more slowly. three primary products: carbon dioxide, water, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
33
What are the key plant structures critical to photosynthesis?
chloroplasts, which contain thylakoids embedded with chlorophyll - a pigment that absorbs light energy, all located primarily within the mesophyll cells of a plant's leaves;.
34
Stoma
an opening in the abdominal wall that connects the bowel to the outside of the body
35
Chloroplast
a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
36
Chlorophyll Pigment
a green pigment found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria that absorbs red and blue light from sunlight, making plants appear green
37
Light dependent
occur in the chloroplast, uses light and water, produce oxygen, also produce the ATP and NADPH necessary for the Calvin Cycle
38
Calvin cycle
occurs in the chloroplast, uses carbon dioxide, uses the ATP and NADPH
from the light reactions, makes sugar
39
Describe the organization of DNA molecules into chromosomes in the nucleus
In the nucleus, DNA molecules are organized into chromosomes by wrapping around proteins called histones, forming structures called nucleosomes, which then coil and condense further to create chromatin fibers, ultimately tightly packing the DNA into visible chromosomes
40
Apply the term sister chromatids to a duplicated chromosome.
The two “sister” chromatids are joined at a constricted region of the chromosome called the centromere.
41
What are the building blocks of DNA molecules?
nucleotides
42
Mitosis
the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division
43
Meiosis
a type of cell division that produces gametes, or sex cells, in sexually reproducing organisms. It involves two rounds of cell division that reduce the number of chromosomes in a cell by half, resulting in four haploid daughter cells:
44
cytokinesis
the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.
45
S
the time when DNA is copied via DNA replication
46
True or False, DNA replication
involves “unzipping” hydrogen bonds between base pairs and using the single-stranded DNA as a template for DNA polymerase to catalyze the addition of new nucleotides according to base-pairing rules.
True
47
True or False All of the DNA in a cell is copied prior to cell division.
True
48
What happens when cytokinesis overlaps mitosis?
This results in 2 distinct cells
49
What is mitosis for?
Cell replacement and maintenance
50
What does mitosis result in?
2 diploid daughter cells
51
What is cancer caused by?
out of control cell division due to dysregulation of the cell cycle
52
Genes that carry instructions to regulate the cell cycle, when mutated can cause what?
Cancer.
53
proto-oncogenes
a gene that helps cells grow and divide normally
54
oncogenes
mutated or overexpressed genes that can cause cancer by causing cells to divide and multiply uncontrollably
55
tumor suppressor genes
genes that regulate cell division and replication, and prevent cells from growing uncontrollably and developing into cancer
56
What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
asexual you don't need a partner, sexual you do. Asexual reproduction results in
genetically identical descendants while sexual reproduction generates genetic variation
57
Diploid cell
a cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each biological parent.
58
Haploid Cell
gamete (sex cell) with unpaired chromosomes; 23 is the haploid
number for human cells; notation is n
59
Autosomes
chromosomes numbered 1-22 vs. sex
chromosomes which are the 23rd pair. Both autosomes and sex chromosomes
are present in every cell of the body.
60
XX
chromosomal female
61
XY
Chromosomal male
62
Gamete
haploid sperm or egg cell also called a sex cell
63
Zygote
fertilized egg cell; diploid
64
What is the difference between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2
meiosis I is unique (see below) and results in two haploid cells; meiosis II
is similar to mitosis and results in four haploid cells (potential gametes)
65
Unique features of Meiosis 1
crossing over during prophase I; separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes during meiosis I resulting in haploid cells
66
Crossing over
the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
67
independent assortment of homologous pairs
the random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I allow for the production of gametes with many different assortments of homologous chromosomes.
68
Random fertilization
the process where, during sexual reproduction, the specific sperm that fertilizes an egg is chosen completely by chance from the pool of available sperm, leading to a vast number of potential genetic combinations in the offspring due to the unique genetic makeup of each sperm and egg involved
69
nondisjunction
the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.
70
How does nondisjunction lead to aneuploidy?
causing the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division (meiosis), resulting in gametes (sperm or egg) with an abnormal number of chromosomes
71
spermatogenesis
the process of sperm cell development in the testes
72
oogenesis
the process by which a primary egg cell, or ovum, matures into a cell that can develop further after fertilization
73
What are the key distinctions from spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
spermatogenesis produces numerous, motile sperm cells in the male testes through equal cell division, while oogenesis produces a single, non-motile ovum in the female ovaries with unequal cell division, resulting in the formation of polar bodies
74
What is the difference from mitosis to mitosis?
essentially, mitosis is used for growth and repair, while meiosis is used for sexual reproduction to create gametes (like sperm and egg cells) with the correct chromosome number for fertilization. Mitosis is a cell division process that produces two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, while meiosis produces four genetically different daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
75
human embryonic development includes
meiosis
