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Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells

A

the smallest living unit of all organisms

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2
Q

what are prokaryots

A

a unicellular organism made of prokaryotic cells that does not have a nucleus or a membrane

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3
Q

what are eukaryots

A

a unicellular or multicellular organism made of eukaryotic cells and contains membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

what are types of prokaryotes

A

bacteria, archea

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5
Q

what are types of eukaryotes

A

animals, plants, fungi, protists

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6
Q

describe the structure and function of the nucleus

A

double membranous, the fluid inside is the nucleoplasm also known as karyoplasm, controls all cellular functions, stores most of the genetic information of the cell and has a site called the nucleolus which produces ribosomes

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7
Q

Draw the mitochondrion

A

in book

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8
Q

describe the structure and function of the mitochondrion

A

they are the sits for aerobic cellular respiration to produce energy which is where glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water and heat energy

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9
Q

Draw the chloroplast

A

check book

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10
Q

describe the structure and function for the chloroplast

A

the site for photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide and water is converted into glucose and oxygen with the assistance of sunlight, contains chlorophyll which makes it have a green pigment

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11
Q

what are light dependent reactions in photosynthesis

A

light dependent reactions occur within the thylakoid membrane which use pigments such as chlorophyll to absorb light energy, and through a series of reactions form chemical energy which is NADPH , ATP and oxygen (this is formed through splitting water molecules)

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12
Q

what are light independent reactions in photosynthesis

A

they occur in the stroma of the chloroplasts, and they use ATP and NADPH from light dependent reactions and carbon dioxide from the air to eventually create glucose and other carbohydrates. therefore, photosynthesis produces oxygen alongside glucose and other carbohydrates

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13
Q

What is genetics

A

genetics is the study of inheritance and how characteristics are passed down from one generation to another

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14
Q

what is genetic variation

A

differences in genes that results in unique organisms

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15
Q

what is heredity

A

is the transmission of genes, traits or characteristics that can be passed from one generation to another

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16
Q

What are alleles

A

two or more variations of a gene on the same location in homologous chromosomes

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17
Q

what is a genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an organisim and inherited from parents at a particular gene locus. A genotype can refer to teh combination of alleles an organism has for a specific trait

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18
Q

what is a phenotype

A

the physical characteristic (or observable trait), which is determined by the genetic makeup of an organism which is also influenced by the organisms environment

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19
Q

what is wild type

A

the most common phenotype for a trait in a population

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20
Q

what is mutant

A

the phenotype of a trait that differs from the wild type of a population

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21
Q

what are genes

A

sections of dna that consist of information to code for a protein

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22
Q

what is a monomer

A

a single atom or molecule that bonds with similar or identical monomers to form large molecule called a polymer

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23
Q

what is a polymer

A

a polymer is repeating subunits of monomers joined together in long chains

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24
Q

what is nucleic acid

A

long molecules that consist of chains of nucleotides. DNA and RNA are two types of nucleic acids

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25
draw a DNA nucleotide and label it
in book
26
what are the 4 types of nitrogenous bases that can be attached to a DNA nucleotide
Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) and in RNA instead of Thymine its Uracil (U)
27
what are the nitrogenous base pairs
Adenine and Thymine and Cytosine and Guanine
28
Describe a sugar phosphate backbone
Down the chain, the sugar of one nucleotide is joined to the phosphate of the next nucleotide, creating a sugar phosphate bond therefore a sugar phosphate backbone
29
What is the structure of DNA
A double helix polymer that consist of nucleotide monomers joined to each other with nitrogenous base pairing, and a sugar phosphate backbone.
30
what is a histone protein
they are embedded within DNA, and are crucial for structural support and gene regulation. Gene regulation is when certain genes are turned off or on based off of other factors.
31
what is a nucleosome
DNA that is wrapped around a core of proteins that are known as histones
32
What is chromatin
a repeating unit of nucleosomes, which is DNA coiled around histone proteins. It forms the genetic material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell before cell division.
33
What are chromosomes
A single molecule of DNA that is condensed and packaged in preparation for cell division
34
draw the average structure of the chromosome
in book
35
what is a chromatid
one of the identical halves in a replicated chromosome. (A chromatid by itself is still considered a chromosome)
36
what are sister chromatids
the name given to both of the chromatids on a replicated chromosome
37
How many chromosomes does a human have
a human has 46 chromosomes that are arranged in 23 pairs.
38
what are somatic cells
somatic cells are body cells, excluding the sex cells
39
what are autosomes
autosomes are chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
40
what are homologous chromosomes
chromosomes that have the same genes, however may have different alleles and are very similar to one another.
41
what are non homologous chromosomes
chromosomes that are not similar with each other and do not have the same genes, they come from different pairs and they cannot pair up.
42
what are allosomes
allosomes are sex chromosomes
43
what is a karyotype
an image that orders chromosomes based on size (chromosome 1 largest, chromosome 22 smallest)
44
what are genetic mutations
changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
45
what are the types of mutations and they meanings
non heritable mutations - in somatic cells which means that it is not passed onto offspring heritable mutations -- in gametes amd can be passed down onto offspring
46
What are the some causes of genetic mutations
copying errors during DNA replication, chemicals which may alter the structure of DNA, radiation, or viruses
47
What are types of chromosome mutations
Deletion, Inversion, duplication and translocation
48
what is deletion in chromosome mutations
the loss of a portion of a chromosome, and it can be a small number of nucleotides or a loss of a large portion of the chromosome
49
what is inversion in chromosome mutations
when a chromosome segment breaks off and reattaches at a different orientation, which is essentially flipped over
50
what is duplication in chromosome mutations
when a section of DNA is repeated
51
what is translocation in chromosome mutations
when a segment of DNA breaks off of one chromosome and reattaches to another non homologous chromosome. This can result in new combinations of genes on different chromosomes
52
what is a haploid cell
a cell that only has a single set of chromosomes (e.g. in humans its 23) e.g. gametes
53
what is a diploid cell
cells that have a full set of chromosomes e.g. somatic cells
54
what is mitosis
the process of which a cell (parent cell) divides into two identical cells, known as daughter cells which the body requires for growth, maintenance, replacement repair and asexual reproduction
55
outline the process of interphase
in book
56
outline the process of mitosis
in book
57
what is meiosis
the process of which a cell (parent cell) divides twice to produce four haploid daughter cells that each contain half the original amount of genetic information
58
outline the process of meiosis
in book
59
what is a genome
a complete set of DNA within an organism. All cells that have a nucleus contain a copy of the genome
60
what is a locus
a locus tells a specific location of a gene on a chromosome
61
what is homozygous
two identical alleles for the same gene
62
what is heterozygous
two different alleles for the same trait
63
what is a carrier
someone that is heterozygous for a characteristic who does not display the recessive trait
64
What is the law of segregation
during the formation of gametes, two alleles for trait separate from each other, so that each gamete consists of only one allele
65
what is gametogenesis
the process in which cells undergo meiosis to form gametes
66
what are the two stages of gametogenisis
meiosis and differentiation which is when cells undergo different processes depending on the gender males spermatogenesis and females oogenisis
67
what is codominance
when two alleles of the same trait are present in the phenotype meaning no allele is recessive
68
what is incomplete dominance
when two alleles are expressed in a blend and neither allele is dominant
69
what is the structure and function of the cell membrane
a phospholipid bilayer that is embedded with proteins, and acts selectively permeable which controls what goes into and out of cells

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