Biology

Question 1

What type of microscope provides greater resolution for understanding cell structures?

Answer 1

Electron microscope.

Question 2

What is the formula for calculating magnification?

Answer 2

magnification = size of image / size of real object

Question 3

Name three key structures found in animal cells.

Answer 3

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria

Question 4

Name three structures found in plant cells but NOT in animal cells.

Answer 4

Cellulose cell wall, Large permanent vacuole, Chloroplasts

Question 5

Name two ways that bacterial cells differ from plant and animal cells.

Answer 5

Non-cellulose cell wall, Absence of nucleus, Presence of plasmids

Question 6

What are the two main sources of stem cells in animals?

Answer 6

Embryonic (umbilical cord) and adult (bone marrow)

Question 7

Where do plant stem cells originate?

Answer 7

Meristems at the apices of roots and stems

Question 8

Give an example of a potential benefit of using stem cells in medicine.

Answer 8

Bone marrow transplants for treating leukaemia.

Question 9

Name a potential risk or ethical issue associated with stem cell use.

Answer 9

Pre-treatment with radiotherapy/chemotherapy, transfer of viruses/diseases from animals, formation of tumors or unwanted cell types.

Question 10

What organizational levels can specialized cells form in multicellular organisms?

Answer 10

Tissues, organs, and organ systems

Question 11

Why do multicellular organisms need exchange surfaces and transport systems?

Answer 11

Due to surface area : volume ratio

Question 12

Define diffusion.

Answer 12

Movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

Question 13

Name three factors that affect the rate of diffusion.

Answer 13

Temperature, Surface area, Concentration gradient

Question 14

Define photosynthesis.

Answer 14

Endothermic process that takes place in chloroplasts, where chlorophyll absorbs light energy and produces sugars and starch.

Question 15

Give the word equation for photosynthesis.

Answer 15

light + carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen (chlorophyll)

Question 16

Give the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis.

Answer 16

6CO2 + 6H2O ⟶ C6H12O6 + 6O2 (chlorophyll)

Question 17

Name three requirements for photosynthesis.

Answer 17

Light, carbon dioxide, and chlorophyll

Question 18

Name three limiting factors of photosynthesis.

Answer 18

Temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration

Question 19

What color does hydrogencarbonate indicator turn in high CO2 conditions?

Answer 19

Yellow

Question 20

Name one adaptation of the palisade mesophyll cells for photosynthesis.

Answer 20

Tightly packed with many chloroplasts.

Question 21

What does Benedict’s reagent test for, and what is a positive result?

Answer 21

Reducing sugar; brick red precipitate

Question 22

What does iodine solution test for, and what is a positive result?

Answer 22

Starch; blue-black

Question 23

What does Biuret reagent test for, and what is a positive result?

Answer 23

Protein; Lilac/Purple

Question 24

What does ethanol test for, and what is a positive result?

Answer 24

Fats; White emulsion

Question 25

Give an example of a simple carbohydrate.

Answer 25

Sugars, glucose, and lactose

Question 26

What are fats/lipids made up of?

Answer 26

Fatty acids and glycerol

Question 27

What are proteins made up of?

Answer 27

Amino acids

Question 28

Define enzymes.

Answer 28

Proteins that are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reactions without being used up.

Question 29

Name three types of enzymes.

Answer 29

Carbohydrase (amylase), lipase, and protease

Question 30

What does the lock and key model illustrate?

Answer 30

Substrate specificity

Question 31

Name four factors affecting enzyme action.

Answer 31

Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and inhibitors

Question 32

Name three adaptations of the ileum for nutrient absorption.

Answer 32

Large surface area (length, folds, and villi), Good blood supply, Thin and permeable membranes

Question 33

Name four structures of the respiratory system.

Answer 33

Nasal cavity, Trachea, Bronchus, Lungs, Alveoli, Diaphragm, Ribs

Question 34

Name three adaptations of respiratory surfaces.

Answer 34

Large surface area, Thin, Moist, Permeable, Good blood supply

Question 35

Give the word equation for aerobic respiration.

Answer 35

glucose + oxygen → energy + carbon dioxide + water

Question 36

Give the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration.

Answer 36

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⟶ energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 37

Give the word equation for anaerobic respiration in mammalian muscle.

Answer 37

glucose → energy + lactic acid

Question 38

Give the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast.

Answer 38

glucose → energy + alcohol + carbon dioxide

Question 39

What two structures make up the central nervous system?

Answer 39

Brain and spinal cord

Question 40

Name three component parts of the eye.

Answer 40

Cornea, Pupil, Iris, Lens, Retina, Optic nerve

Question 41

Name three adaptations of neurons for their function.

Answer 41

Cell body, Branched ends, Long axon length, Insulating myelin sheath

Question 42

What are the three types of neurons in the reflex arc pathway?

Answer 42

Sensory, association, and motor neurons

Question 43

What is the importance of homeostasis?

Answer 43

Maintaining a constant internal environment for proper cell and enzyme function.

Question 44

Define hormones.

Answer 44

Chemical messengers produced by glands, transported in blood to target organs.

Question 45

What is the function of insulin?

Answer 45

Insulin produced to lower blood glucose.

Question 46

Name four structures of the excretory system.

Answer 46

Kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra

Question 47

What hormone causes the kidney to reabsorb more water?

Answer 47

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 48

What plant hormone is involved in phototropism?

Answer 48

Auxin

Question 49

Define Ecosystem.

Answer 49

A community of living organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment.

Question 50

Name three abiotic factors measured in fieldwork.

Answer 50

Wind speed, water, pH, light, temperature

Question 51

Name four resources that plants compete for.

Answer 51

Water, light, space, and minerals

Question 52

Name four resources that animals compete for.

Answer 52

Water, food, territory, mates, and predators

Question 53

What is the role of green plants in an ecosystem?

Answer 53

Producers

Question 54

What do the arrows in a food chain represent?

Answer 54

Consumption, transfer of substances (carbon and nitrogen), and energy

Question 55

Name three factors that cause energy to be lost between trophic levels.

Answer 55

Heat from respiration, Excretion, Egestion, Uneaten structures

Question 56

Give one way that saprophytic fungi and bacteria decompose organic material.

Answer 56

Secrete enzymes, Extracellular digestion and absorption, Recycling nutrients

Question 57

Name three processes that release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Answer 57

Respiration, combustion, decomposition

Question 58

Name two causes of global warming.

Answer 58

Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation

Question 59

Name three processes carried out by microorganisms in the nitrogen cycle.

Answer 59

Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification, Denitrification, Decomposition

Question 60

Name three minerals absorbed by plants.

Answer 60

Nitrates, calcium, magnesium

Question 61

What causes eutrophication?

Answer 61

Sewage disposal and fertilizer run-off

Question 62

Name one way that human activity can have positive effects on biodiversity.

Answer 62

Reforestation and sustainable woodlands.