Biology and Earth Science Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Who?
treatment of smallpox from cowpox
A
Dr. Edward Jenner
2
Q
Who?
anthrax vaccine
A
Louis Pasteur
3
Q
Who?
anthrax and tuberculosis
A
Robert Koch
4
Q
Who?
OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine), live vaccines
A
Albert Sabin
5
Q
Who?
discovered penicillin from culture-grown mold “penicillum”
A
Alexander Fleming
6
Q
Who?
early development of chemotherapy
A
Paul Ehrlich
7
Q
deals with the study of nature
A
Natural Science
8
Q
study of living matter
A
Physical Science
9
Q
study of matter, its properties, and its behavior
A
Physics
10
Q
study of matter, its composition, and the changes that it undergoes
A
Chemistry
11
Q
study of atmospheric conditions
A
Meteorology
12
Q
volcanoes and their activities
A
Volcanology
13
Q
the study of minerals, their nature, properties and distribution
A
Mineralogy
14
Q
the study of heavenly bodies
A
Astronomy
15
Q
study of rocks and minerals
A
Geology
16
Q
science of life
A
Biological Science
17
Q
the study of plants
A
Botany
18
Q
the study of animals
A
Zoology
19
Q
Who?
father of Biology; studied the hearts and brains of animals; correlated the warming-cooling functions of the heart and brain to human feelings and emotions
A
Aristotle
20
Q
Who?
greatest authority on human anatomy; dissected animals; uses Barbary ape as a model
A
Galen
21
Q
Who?
Anatomy should be based on direct observation
A
Andreas Vesalius
22
Q
Who?
physiologists; circulation of blood; true function of the heart and the blood vessel
A
William Harvey
23
Q
Who?
dealt with blood by observing capillaries in the lungs of a frog
A
Marcello Malpighi
24
Q
Who?
invented the early microscope
A
Zacharias Janssen
25
**Who?**
discovered cell as the basis of tissues (2)
Rene Dutrochet and Robert Hooke
26
**Who?**
binomial system for identifying and naming organisms
Carolus Linnaeus
27
**Who?**
theory of evolution (2)
Jean Lamarck and Charles Darwin
28
**Who?**
theories on genetics (3)
Gregor Mendel, Thomas Hunt Morgan, Barbara McClintock
29
studies the **external and internal** structures of living things
Morphology
30
the science that studies the **structure of the body**
Anatomy
31
study of **normal functions** of parts of an organisms
Physiology
32
study of structures and functions of **cells**
Cytology
33
study of tissues
Histology
34
study of growth and development of **new organisms**
Embryology
35
study of the **environment and the interrelationship** of organisms in it
Ecology
36
study of **classification and naming** of plants and animals
Taxonomy
37
study of **heredity** or how an organisms characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring
Genetics
38
study of the **origin** and differentiation of different kinds of organisms
Evolution
39
study of **fossils** of living things and their distributions in time
Paleontology
40
study of microorganisms
Microbiology
41
study of bacteria
Bacteriology
42
study of viruses
Virology
43
study of protozoa or one-celled animals
Protozoology
44
study of chemistry of living things
Biochemistry
45
study of distribution of plants and animals on earth
Biogeography
46
study of insects
Entomology
47
study of parasitic worms
Helminthology
48
study of fish
Ichthyology
49
study of birds
Ornithology
50
study of mammals
Mammalogy
51
study of mollusc shells
Conchology
52
study of man
Anthropology
53
study of organisms that live and subsist on or in other living organisms
Parasitology
54
**single lens**; magnifying glass
Simple microscope
55
uses **light** to produce enlarge view of an object
Light microscope
56
uses **two lenses**; once lens produce and image that is further magnified by the second lens
Compound microscope
57
uses **streams of electrons** that bend in much the same way as beams of light are bent by glass lens
Electron microscope
58
**soaking of a specimen in a fixative**, like formaldehyde after cutting it into small species
Fixation
59
**placing of a specimen** on a slide for investigation
Mounting
60
**placing of a fixed specimen in wax or plastic** so that it can be easily sliced
Embedding
61
**slicing of an embedded specimen** into very thin cuts by a microtome
Sectioning
62
**coloring of a specimen to bring out more details** in a specific cell or tissue structures
Staining
63
used to **spin suspended materials in a liquid** so as to collect these materials in a fractions or layers
Centrifugation
64
use of tiny instruments to perform various operations on living cells; done under a microscope
Microdissection
65
separation and analysis of complex mixtures; **color** comparison is usually its basis
Chromotography
66
separation of substances composed of particles with **electric charges**
Electrophoresis
67
use of **light** to analyze samples to determine what a substance is and how much of it is present in a sample
Spectrophotometry
68
used to visualize and map the genetic material in an individual cell
Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH)
69
one of the biotech crops - short for *Bacillus thuringiensis* - it provides natural pest-killing toxin to new **corn** varieties
BT corn
70
aside from development of methods to protect crops from pests, rice production program is also intensified through better agricultural technology and the use of good seed varieties
IR 68098
71
yields anticancer cells
Philippine sea cucumber
72
controls fish predators in freshwater ponds
Tubli root powder
73
also called lower atmosphere; clouds, rainfall and other weather conditions occur ONLY here
Troposphere
74
contains 80% of the atmosphere's mass; contains 99% of air along with troposphere
Stratosphere
75
Temperature decreases with increasing height; upper layer is MESOPAUSE the coldest naturally occurring place on earth.
Mesosphere
76
Temperature increases with increasing height; biggest of all the layers.
Thermosphere
77
Gas molecules achieve ESCAPE VELOCITY until they move out to outer space.
Exosphere
78
composed of the exosphere, thermosphere and parts of mesosphere; IONIZED by the sun's rays; helps in propagation of RADIO WAVES
Ionosphere
79
serves to protect from harmful rays of the sun; highest concentration in the stratosphere
Ozone
80
study of the atmosphere and factors affecting it
Meteorology
81
general condition of the atmosphere; specific area; brief (within 24 hrs)
Weather
82
average condition of the atmosphere; extended region; long (not less than 1 year)
Climate
83
the *weight/force* of **air** on a unit area; measured by BAROMETER; the denser and cooler the air, the greater the ___.
Air pressure
84
*amount of water vapor* in the air; measured by HYGROMETER air containing much water vapor is said to be **HUMID**
Humidity
85
large body of air which extends over thousands of kilometers and has the same temperature, pressure and humidity at all points
Air mass
86
formed when evaporated water rises above the atmosphere and then condenses as it cools
Clouds
87
piles of puffed cotton which indicates fair weather
Cumulus
88
gray in appearance; low lying, formed from humid air
Stratus
89
white and feather streaks, high lying, formed from low humidity areas
Cirrus
90
thick, dark and rain producing
Nimbus
91
process by which condensed water vapor falls from the clouds to the ground
Precipitation
92
liquid form of water
Rain
93
ice crystals
Snow
94
mixed rain and snow
Sleet
95
ice crystals formed with various layers and size ranging from that of mongo seed to a man's fist
Hail
96
**seasonal changes** in atmosphere circulation and precipitation due to symmetric heating of land and sea
Monsoons
97
It is a cool wind that blows **from the sea** toward the land, usually during the **day**. It happens because the land heats up faster than the ocean, causing the air above the land to rise and cooler air from the sea to move in to replace it.
Sea breeze
98
It is a wind that blows **from the land** toward the sea, usually at **night**. It occurs because the land cools down faster than the ocean after sunset, causing the air over the land to become cooler and denser. This cooler air moves toward the warmer air over the sea, creating a breeze.
Land breeze
99
blows from November to April causing rainy weather
Northeast monsoon (Amihan)
100
blows from May to October causing rainy weather
Southwest monsoon (Habagat)
101
low pressure center over an ocean with strong circulating winds
Tropical Cyclones
102
center of a cyclone where warm air rises
Eye
103
maximum winds of less than 60 km/hr
Depression
104
maximum winds of 60-118 km/hr
Storm
105
maximum winds of 119 km/hr or above
Typhoon
106
It is the process by which heat from the sun is trapped by gases in the Earth's atmosphere, keeping the planet warm. Without it, Earth would be too cold to support life.
Greenhouse Effect
107
rigid solid shell of the earth
Earth's Litosphere
108
was a supercontinent that existed millions of years ago, when all the Earth's landmasses (Laurasia and Gondwanaland) were joined together before they slowly broke apart and drifted to their current positions
Pangaea
109
It is the idea that the Earth's crust is like a floating layer that balances on the denser, softer layer beneath it (the mantle), similar to how icebergs float in water. When weight is added (like glaciers or mountains), the crust sinks; when weight is removed, it rises. It's how the Earth keeps a balance.
Isostacy
110
remains of continents that parted and formed ridges from which magma flows out
Mid-ocean ridge
111
magma that reaches the earth's surface
Lava
112
caused by magma continuously pouring out of the mid-oceanic rift, hardening and **forming new ocean floor**
Seafloor spreading
113
This explains how the Earth's outer layer, called the **lithosphere**, is divided into large pieces called tectonic plates. These **plates** move slowly over the softer layer beneath them (the asthenosphere) due to heat from the Earth's interior.
Plate tectonic theory
114
35 kilometers thick and is composed of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks
Crust
115
layer between the crust and the mantle where the tectonic plates move
Mohorivicic discontinuity
116
The *Moho* is where the Earth's crust ends and the denser, hotter mantle begins. It's named after Croatian seismologist ___, who discovered it in 1909.
Andrija Mohorovičić
117
It is second layer of the earth and includes most of the earth's volume and mass. About 20km to 2,900 km thick and denser than crust.
Mantle
118
It is the upper part of the Earth's mantle, made of solid rock that can slowly flow over time. It helps drive the movement of tectonic plates.
Upper mantle
119
It is a thick layer of hot, solid rock deep inside the Earth that lies below the upper mantle and helps transfer heat from the core toward the surface.
Lower mantle
120
layer between the Earth's mantle and core
Gutenberg discontinuity
121
center most layer with radius of 3,500 km thick and densest of all layers
Core
122
It is a layer of **liquid iron and nickel** inside the Earth that surrounds the solid inner core.
Outer core
123
It is a **solid ball made mostly of iron and nickel**, even though it's extremely hot, because the pressure is so high.
Inner core
124
process by which rocks change in kind; rocks and soil are the solid material in earth
Rock cycle
125
formed by deposition, accumulation, cementing and hardening of loose sediments into rock
Sedimentary
126
formed by the cooling and magma; most common type
Igneous
127
naturally occurring substances with a definite, geometric arrangement of atoms and molecules which makes up rocks
Minerals
128
ability of a mineral to resist scratch
Moh's Hardness Scale
129
combined mass of water on earth
Hydrosphere
130
movement of water by force of the wind
Waves and current
131
movement of water caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon on earth
Tides
132
movement of water by earthquakes
Tsunamis
133
It is the scientific study of space, including stars, planets, moons, galaxies, and the universe as a whole.
Astronomy
134
states that the solar system was formed from a huge NEBULA, which contracted, rotated and condensed into hot lumps of matter to form the sun and planets
Nebular hypothesis
135
shape of the earth
Oblate spheroid
136
tilt of axis
23 1/2 or 23.5 degrees
137
occurs when the earth is between the moon around the sun; the earth's shadow darken the moon
Lunar eclipse
138
occurs when the moon is between the earth and the sun; the moon's shadow casts over the earth
Solar eclipse
139
It describes how the universe expanded from an extremely hot, dense state about 13.8 billion years ago and continues to expand today.
Big Bang Model
140
luminous ball of plasma composed of 73% Hydrogen and 25 % Helium
Stars
141
refers to a star that appears red in color, typically because it has a cooler surface temperature compared to other stars
Red star
142
It is a star that appears white or bluish-white to the eye due to its very high surface temperature. These are among the hottest and most massive stars in the universe.
White blue star
