Cells Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
Plants that has no transport vessels.
A
Bryophytes
2
Q
Plants with transport vessel like xylem and phloem.
A
Tracheophytes
3
Q
cone bearing plants
A
Gymnosperms
4
Q
flowering plants
A
Angiosperms
5
Q
flowering plants with single cotyledon or seed leaf
A
Monocot
6
Q
flowering plants with double cotyledon or seed leaf
A
Dicot
7
Q
absorb water and nutrients from the soil
A
Roots
8
Q
transport the nutrients to the leaves through cells that are specialized for transport
A
Stem
9
Q
food manufacturing site
A
Leaves
10
Q
it opens to exchange photosynthetic gases and close to minimize excessive water loss
A
Stomata
11
Q
Means by which plants create food; requires carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and sunlight. The product of this is glucose and oxygen which they excrete during night time.
A
Photosynthesis
12
Q
reproductive organ of the plants which turns into a FRUIT when the embryo is pollinated
A
Flowers
13
Q
Asexual reproduction, involves the root, stem, or leaves. Ex.: grafting, cuttings, bulbs, and runners.
A
Vegetation Propagation
14
Q
Sexual reproduction, involves the pollination of the flower. Ex.: plants which has seed
A
Fertilization
15
Q
directional growth or movement of a plant in reaction to stimuli.
A
Tropism
16
Q
growth or movement in response to an electric field
A
Electrotropism
17
Q
growth or movement in response to temperature
A
Thermotropism
18
Q
growth or movement towards the direction of Earth’s gravity
A
Geotropism
19
Q
growth or movement in response to touch or contact
A
Thigmotropism
20
Q
growth or movement towards water or bodies of water
A
Hydrotropism
21
Q
growth or movement towards the direction of light
A
Phototropism
22
Q
smallest unit of most compounds
A
Molecules
23
Q
smallest functional unit of life
A
Cells
24
Q
group of cells
A
Tissues
25
tissues grouped together to perform certain functions
Organs
26
group of organs which performs complex processes to sustain life
Organ system
27
individual living thing
Organism
28
populations which live together in a defined area
Community
29
community and its nonliving sorroundings
Ecosystem
30
made up of cells unicellular or multicellular, ability to reproduce, has genetic make-up except viruses
Living Things
31
All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure & function in the living things.
Cell Theory
32
coined the term **"cells"** after observing them from a slice of cork under the light microscope
Robert Hooke
33
concluded all PLANTS are made up of cells
Matthias Schleiden
34
concluded all ANIMALS are made up of cells
Theodore Schwann
35
Smaller and simpler than cells of eukaryotes; have cell members and cytoplasm but **no nuclei**. Ex.: ALL BACTERIA
Prokaryotes
36
*thin, flexible barrier* that supports and protects the cells while allowing them to **interact** with their environment
Cell membrane
37
contains the cell's **genetic material** and control the cell's activities
Nucleus
38
the genetic material that contains the **hereditary** information of organisms
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
39
Visible granular material within the nucleus with *consists of DNA* bound to protein.
Chromatin
40
*condensed form of chromatin* during cellular division
Chromosomes
41
*Small dense region* inside the _nucleus_ **where assembly of ribosomes begins**.
Nucleolus
42
*Double-membrane layer* with NUCLEAR PORES to *allow passage* of materials **in and out** of the nucleus.
Nuclear envelope
43
*material inside the cell membrane* excluding the nucleus
Cytoplasm
44
To **protect** and **provide support for the cell**; found in **plants, algae** and most prokaryotes
Cell wall
45
network of protein filaments that helps the cell to **maintain its shape**, also functions in moving the organelles within the cells
Cytoskeleton
46
most of plant cell wall is made up of this **tough carbohydrate fiber**
cellulose
47
small particles made of RNA and protein which **produces other proteins** by following coded instructions
Ribosomes
48
organelle in which components of the cell membrane are *assembled and some proteins are modified*
Endoplasmic reticulum
49
part of the ER where **proteins** are synthesized
Rough ER
50
contains enzymes which perform specialized tasks such as **lipid** synthesizes
Smooth ER
51
Sac-like structure where water, salt, proteins and carbohydrates are **stored**.
Vacuole
52
Attaches **carbohydrates** and **lipids** to proteins.
Golgi Apparatus
53
Filled with enzymes which **break down** lipids, carbohydrates and proteins from *food* to be used by the cells. Also break down organelles which are not functioning already.
Lysosomes
54
Plant cell organelle which uses the **energy from sunlight** to make energy energy-rich food molecules through photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts
55
Makes **high-energy compounds** that the cell can use.
Mitochondria
56
Passage of substances across the cell membrane which **does not require energy**, thus a PASSIVE process. Substance flow from **higher** concentration to **lower** concentration until equilibrium is achieved.
Diffusion
57
Solution with **lower concentration of solute**; placing an animal cell on this solution causes the fluids inside the cell to move out of the cell into the solution, thus the cell **SHRINKS** or crenates.
Hypotonic solution
58
The *diffusion of water* through a selectively permeable membrane. Solvent flow from **lower** concentration of solute until equilibrium is achieved.
Osmosis
59
**Greater pressure** exerted on the *hypertonic side of a selectively permeable membrane*.
Osmotic Pressure
60
Movement of substances across the cell membrane that **do not readily** pass the lipid bi-layer.
Facilitated Diffusion
61
Solution with just **right concentration** of solute; placing an animal cell on this solution **doesn't change** its appearance.
Isotonic solution
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Solution with **higher concentration** of solute; placing an animal cell on this solution **EXPANDS** and bursts.
Hypertonic Solution
63
Taking material into the cell through **active transport**. Large amounts of materials are taking in, **PHAGOCYTOSIS** occurs; when water is taking in, **PINOCYOSIS** occurs.
Endocytosis
64
Movement of substances across the cell membrane **against** the concentration gradient. Some movement requires energy serving as PUMPS.
Active transport
65
**Excretion of large amounts of materials** from the cell.
Exocytosis
66
Series of **changes in the nucleus**, involving an exact *duplication* of complete set of chromosomes and the separation of these chromosomes into two identical sets of chromosomes.
Mitosis
67
**Exact duplication** of each single-stranded chromosome during the non-dividing period, resulting in *double-stranded chromosomes*.
Replication
68
**Individual strands of double-stranded chromosomes** joined at the centromere.
Chromatids
69
Rapidly dividing cells that **do not respond to the signals** that would normally *stop them from dividing*.
Cancer cells
70
Proteins that regulate the **timing of the cell cycle** in eukaryotic cells.
Cyclins
71
Mitosis Phase
Non-dividing period, the cell **grows and replicates its DNA and centrioles**.
Interphase
72
Mitosis Phase
First & longest phase of mitosis, the **chromatin condenses into chromosomes**; the *centrioles separate & forms spindle that helps separate the chomosomes*.
Prophase
73
Mitosis Phase
Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere.
Metaphase
74
Mitosis Phase
Sister chromatids **separate into individual chromosomes** and are **moved apart**.
Anaphase
75
# Mitosis Phase
The chromosomes gather at **opposite ends of the cell** and lose their distinct shapes; **two nuclear membranes form**.
Telophase
76
Mitosis Phase
Also called **cytoplasmic division**, **separation of cytoplasm**; resulting in the formation of two daughter cells each containing an identical set of chromosomes.
Cytokinesis
77
Involves two separate and distinct divisions; occurs in cells for sexual reproduction (results: 4 gametes = sperms for males and 1 egg cell for females)
Meiosis
78
Cells that have paired number of chromosomes.
Diploid
79
Type of chromosome from diploid cells that contains **information on body characteristics**.
Autosomes
80
Type of chromosome from diploid cells that determines **sex organism** (XX - females, XY - males).
Sex chromosomes
81
Cells that have 1/2 number of chromosomes.
Haploid
82
Results to **two haploid daughter cells** each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.
Meiosis I
83
Meiosis I Phase
Cells undergo **DNA replication**, forming duplicate chromosomes.
Interphase I
84
Meiosis I Phase
Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a **tetrad**.
Prophase I
85
Meiosis I Phase
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
Metaphase I
86
Meiosis I Phase
The **fibers pull the homologous chomosomes toward opposite end of the cell**.
Anaphase I
87
Occurs after meiosis I which covers Prophase II to Telophase II.
Meiosis II
88
Meiosis II Phase
The chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
Prophase II
89
Meiosis II Phase
The chromosomes **line up in the middle of spindle fibers** along the equatorial plate.
Metaphase II
90
Meiosis II Phase
The sister chromatids **separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell**.
Anaphase II
91
Meiosis II Phase
Results in **four haploid daughter cells**.
Telophase II
