Biology

Question 1

Define a cell

Answer 1

The basic unit of living things

Question 2

Name the chemical that makes the cell wall

Answer 2

Cellulose.

Question 2

Name 3 different types of specialised plant cells

Answer 2

Xylem cells, phloem cells, root hair cells, photosynthetic cells.

Question 3

Give the equation to calculate magnification

Answer 3

Magnification = Size of Image /Size of real object

Question 4

Calculate how many micrometres are there in a millimetre

Answer 4

1000.

Question 5

Describe how the alveoli in the lungs are adapted for gas exchange

Answer 5

Large surface area, good blood supply, thin walls.

Question 6

Describe how the microvilli in the small intestine are adapted to absorb glucose

Answer 6

Large surface area, good blood supply, thin walls, lots of mitochondria.

Question 7

Name the three stages of the cell cycle

Answer 7

Replication, Mitosis, division.

Question 8

Describe what happens during replication.

Answer 8

Cell grows and DNA is copied

Question 9

Describe what happens during mitosis.

Answer 9

Contents of the cell are rearranged - one set of chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell. Nucleus divides.

Question 10

Describe what happens during division.

Answer 10

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divides. Two identical daughter cells are produced.

Question 11

Give the location of adult stem cells.

Answer 11

bone marrow

Question 12

Give the location of plant stem cells.

Answer 12

Meristem tissue in shoots and root tips.

Question 13

List the three types of tissue

Answer 13

Muscular, glandular and epithelial.

Question 14

Describe the role of bile

Answer 14

Neutralises stomach acid and breaks fats down into droplets.

Question 15

Name the organ where bile is produced

Answer 15

Liver.

Question 16

Name the organs involved in digestion

Answer 16

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine, anus.

Question 17

Give the function of the small intestine

Answer 17

Reabsorbs glucose from digested food.

Question 18

List the adaptations of the small intestine

Answer 18

Lots of microvilli, good blood supply, thin walls, lots of mitochondria.

Question 19

Name the substance the stomach contains

Answer 19

Hydrochloric acid (pH 3).

Question 20

Describe the test for starch

Answer 20

Iodine solution. It turns dark blue/black.

Question 21

Describe the test for simple sugars (glucose)

Answer 21

Benedict’s solution. It turns brick red when heated.

Question 22

Describe the test for protein

Answer 22

Biuret solution. It turns purple.

Question 23

Describe the test for Lipids (fats)

Answer 23

Ethanol - milky emulsion is formed

Question 24

What are lipids broken down into?

Answer 24

Glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 25

Name the three types of digestive enzyme

Answer 25

Amylase (carbohydrase), proteases, lipases.

Question 26

Where is Amylase produced?

Answer 26

Mouth, pancreas, small intestine.

Question 27

Where are protease enzymes produced?

Answer 27

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine.

Question 28

Where are lipase enzymes produced?

Answer 28

Pancreas, small intestine.

Question 29

List the four components of blood

Answer 29

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma.

Question 30

State the 3 functions of white blood cells.

Answer 30

Engulf pathogens, make antitoxins, make antibodies

Question 31

State the function of plasma

Answer 31

Transports substances around the body.

Question 32

Describe the structure of an artery

Answer 32

Thick walls, lots of elastic tissue, small lumen.

Question 33

State the function of an artery

Answer 33

Carries oxygenated blood at high pressure, away from the heart.

Question 34

Describe the structure of a vein

Answer 34

Thin walls, small amounts of elastic tissue, large lumen, valves to prevent backflow.

Question 35

State the function of a vein

Answer 35

Carries deoxygenated blood at a low pressure towards the heart.

Question 36

Describe the structure of a capillary

Answer 36

Small lumen, walls one cell thick.

Question 37

List the 4 chambers in the heart

Answer 37

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Question 38

Describe where are the 2 atria are found

Answer 38

At the top of the heart.

Question 39

Describe where the two ventricles are found

Answer 39

At the bottom of the heart.

Question 40

State which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood?

Answer 40

Left.

Question 41

State which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood?

Answer 41

right

Question 42

State the function of the valves in the heart

Answer 42

To stop the blood flowing backwards.

Question 43

Name the blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Answer 43

Pulmonary artery.

Question 44

Name the blood vessel through which oxygenated blood is pumped to the body

Answer 44

Aorta.

Question 45

Explain why the human circulatory system is called a double circulation system.

Answer 45

Our circulatory system is split into two loops. One loop takes blood to the lungs, the other takes blood to the body.

Question 46

List 3 methods of treating cardiovascular diseases.

Answer 46

Drugs (statins), mechanical devices (stents, pacemakers, artificial valves/hearts) and transplants.

Question 47

Define coronary heart disease

Answer 47

The narrowing of coronary arteries due to a buildup of fat. This reduces the amount of oxygen reaching the heart and can cause heart attacks.

Question 48

Name 4 plant organs

Answer 48

Roots, stem, leaves, flowers

Question 49

Name 3 tissues in a leaf

Answer 49

Upper/lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll

Question 50

State the function of the xylem

Answer 50

Transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves

Question 51

State the function of the phloem

Answer 51

Transport dissolved sugars from the leaves using translocation.

Question 52

Define stomata?

Answer 52

Pores (holes) on the underside of a leaf. Controlled by guard cells.

Question 53

Define transpiration

Answer 53

Evaporation of water via the stomata

Question 54

List 4 factors that affect the rate of transpiration

Answer 54

Light, temperature, wind, humidity.

Question 55

how many micrometers in a milimeter

Answer 55

1000 micrometers

Question 56

how is a xylem adapted for transpotation

Answer 56

Xylem vessels are adapted to transport by having no end walls, and their side walls are thickened. It is the sieve tubes of the phloem that are perforated.

Question 57

magnification

Answer 57

image size / real size of object

Question 58

organelles in a bacterium

Answer 58

chromosome/plasmid cytoplasm membrane cell wall flagella

Question 59

explain surface area: volume

Answer 59

the bigger an object grows, the size of volume expenentially gets bigger than than the surface area of the object. eg an elephant has much more volume than surface area, so its sa:v ratio would be samller than a mouses, because a mouse has less volume than surface area.

Question 60

xylem transports...

Answer 60

water and minerasl

Question 61

phloem transports...

Answer 61

sugars

Question 62

function of stomata

Answer 62

carbon dioxide in or oxygen out or CONTROL water loss. ('CONTROL' is a key idea here Tommy that the examiners want to see.)

Question 64

How to calculate order of magnitude

Answer 64

if there is a bigger number always divide the bigger number by the smaller one

Question 65

spongy mesophyll

Answer 65

large air spaces for diffusion of gases

Question 66

epidermal

Answer 66

cover and and protect leaf