Biology Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
peritoneum
A
membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
2
Q
Contraction of ___ decreases fat absorption
A
lacteals
3
Q
Does low BP affect ADH levels? If so, how?
A
Yes (if body has enough time to respond);
Increase ADH to reabsorb more water
4
Q
Does low BP affect GFR? If so, how?
A
Yes;
Decreases GFR → less X found in urine
5
Q
What happens to GFR if there is no hydrostatic pressure (from heart)?
A
No filtration will occur because blood will not be pushed into capsule. There is more proteins in blood than in capsular space so fluid will want to remain in bloodstream.
6
Q
What happens to the bones of a man who receives estrogen injections?
A
Nothing; LOSS of estrogen in postmenopausal women will affect bone health, but GAIN of estrogen from normal does not seem to have an effect.
7
Q
How to find number of possible peptide arrangements that contain n number of AA?
A
n!
8
Q
role of microtubules in mitosis
A
- attach to chromosomes
- form mitotic spindle fibers
9
Q
microtubules are formed from…
A
tubulin proteins
10
Q
What is stronger: intermolec or intramolec bonds?
A
intramolec
11
Q
Covalent bonds can almost synonymous with…
A
intermolec bonds (e.g. H-bonds, peptide bonds)
12
Q
Heat disrupts __ bonds
A
covalent
13
Q
what has a more important role in determining movement of proteins in SDS-PAGE: mass or charge?
A
Mass
14
Q
SDS disrupts all bonds but ___ ones. What does this imply?
A
Covalent;
Primary structure is maintained
15
Q
Cellular respiration is the oxidation / reduction of glucose?
A
oxidation
16
Q
cellular respiration is a ___ rxn
A
combustion
17
Q
substrate-level phosphorylation
A
ATP formed by ADP + Pi
18
Q
Oxidative phosphorylation
A
ATP formed by ETC & ATP synthase
19
Q
something that acts as a substrate for an enzyme = ____ inhibition
A
competitive
20
Q
If an enzyme is inhibited, what will happen to the substrate?
A
There will be a build up
21
Q
cofactors
A
neutral ions or co-enzymes that activate an enzyme by binding tightly to it
22
Q
T/F: all cofactors are organic
A
F
23
Q
T/F: all enzymes need cofactors
A
F
24
Q
Na/K pump
A
2 K in, 3 Na out
25
H2O acts as a ___ acid and base.
BL
26
Define BL acid & base
Acid: donate H+
Base: accept H+
27
What is the only AA whose side chain can form covalent bonds?
Cysteine; side chain forms S-S disulfide bridge
28
What determines the overall structure of a protein (folding, etc.)
primary structure
29
Where is NADH produced during carbohydrate metabolism?
- Cytosol: glycolysis produces 2
| - mitochondria matrix: Krebs cycle produces 3
30
What is the initial reactant for glycolysis?
Glucose (hexose);
| While fructose & galactose can enter glycolysis half-way, it is not INITIAL reactant
31
Function of smooth ER
- cellular detox
- steroid synthesis
- lipid synthesis
- store Ca++
32
Mitochondrial genome is inherited from...
the mom only
33
Which directly affects acetyl CoA levels (cellular respiration)
- pyruvate dehydrogenase
| - Krebs cycle
34
Which enzyme is responsible for producing acetyl CoA?
pyruvate dehydrogenase
35
Prosthetic groups ___ attach to enzymes
covalently
36
Where is the appendix located?
a part of the colon
37
Actin binds to ___ frequently
myosin
38
BP depends on...
CO x Resistance
39
Key information about fungi
- haploid
- cell wall
- asexual (spore)
40
Mesoderm develops the...
- skeletal muscle & skeleton
- dermis of skin
- connective tissue
- the urogenital system
- heart
- blood (lymph cells)
- spleen
41
Endoderm develops the...
- stomach
- colon
- liver
- pancreas
- bladder
- lungs
- pharynx
- thyroid & parathyroid
- intestines
42
Ectoderm develops the...
- CNS (spine & head)
- eye
- nerves
- epidermis
- hair
- boobs
43
Does fever cause reduced or increased fluid loss? Why?
Increased (sweat);
| cool body
44
DNA replication occurs in __ phase
S
45
Air flows into lungs due to...
neg pressure created by the diaphragm
46
Major difference between virus and bacteria
Bac't can reproduce (e.g. by fission), while virus needs host
47
How many phenotypes are there when AaBb x AaBb?
4
| 2 (A vs. aa) x 2 (B vs. bb) = 4
48
How many phenotypes are there when LlRW x LlRW?
2 x 3 = 6
| 2 (L vs. ll) x 3 (RR vs. RW vs. WW) = 6
49
Where are T and B cells produced?
```
Thymus (T cells)
Bone marrow (B cells)
```
50
What is characteristic of extrachromosomal pieces of DNA?
they undergo replication independently of chromosomal DNA
51
what is interesting about the cytoplasm of ova-producing cells (oogonia)?
they contain no nuclear material
52
F factor plasmid (F = ??)
fertility
53
What is dependent on the F factor plasmid?
ability to initiate conjugation
54
conjugation
mixing of F+ and F- bacteria through the F pilus
55
Transformation of bacteria
uptake of naked DNA from environment (happens in unfavourable conditions)
56
transduction of bactira
transfer of genetic material from 1 host to new host via viral infection
57
translocation
movement of ribosome along mRNA during protein translation
58
muscle in digestive system is smooth/striated?
smooth
59
cardiac tissue is smooth / striated?
striated
60
striated muscle usually refers to...
skeletal muscle
61
coelom
body cavity; develops in the mesoderm (makes a hole in mesoderm layers)
62
disease caused by pathogenic microbes are characterized by...
they are infectious
63
size of virus relative to bacteria and proteins
way smaller than bacteria
| about the same size as large proteins
64
capsid
viral protein coat
65
does viruses have DNA or RNA?
either or, but not both
66
viral envelope is formed from...
host material
67
metabolism of virus
no metabolism; use ATP made by host
68
When can viruses not affect cells?
when the specific receptor it must bind to on the plasma membrane is not available
69
process of viral infection
1. landing
2. attachment to receptor (viral enzymes break down cell wall)
3. tail contraction
4. tail penetration & injection of viral material
70
lytic infection
how virus normally infect cells
| ends in lysis of host cell and release of new virions
71
latent period of viral infection
period of time from infection to lysis
72
what kind of virus follows the lytic cycle?
virulent virus
73
lysogenic infection
viral DNA mixed into host genome
74
what kind of virus follows the lysogenic cycle?
temperate virus
75
define: dormant/latent
when viral DNA is incorporated into host DNA
76
provirus
virus whose DNA is incorporated into host DNA
77
prophage
virus whose DNA is incorporated into host (BACTERIA) DNA
78
when do dormant viruses become virulent?
when subject to some type of stress
79
what virus is responsible for the common cold?
unenveloped + strand RNA viruses
80
+ strand RNA means...
proteins can be directly translated from RNA
81
classification of retrovirus
enveloped + strand RNA
82
measles, rabies, and the flu are due to _____ viruses
minus strand RNA viruses
83
minus strand RNA means...
minus strand RNA is complement to mRNA → transcribed to plus strand RNA
84
are viral RNA ss or ds?
can be both
85
similarity between Archaea and Bacteria
both are prokaryotes
86
prokaryotes are split into...
1) bacteria
| 2) archaea
87
which prokaryote is very similar to eukaryotes?
archaea
88
cell walls of bac't are made from...
peptidoglycan
89
to some degree, all microorganisms are capable of fixing...
What does this mean?
CO2;
| reduce CO2 → use C to create organic molecules (Calvin cycle)
90
autotrophs and heterotrophs differ in...
the method in which they obtain their source of C
91
phototrophs & chemotrophs differ in...
the type of energy source they use
Phototroph: use light as energy source
Chemotroph: use oxidation of organic or inorganic matter
92
All chemoautotrophs are...
prokaryotes
93
cocci bacteria
round
94
bacilli bacteria
rod shaped
95
spirilla bacteria
rigid, helical shaped
96
spirochetes bacteria
flexible, helical shaped
97
Prokaryotic ribosome numbers & size
50S + 30S → 70S
| smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes
98
phospholipid is composed of...
phosphate group
2 fatty acid chains
glycerol backbone
99
amphipathic
both polar & non-polar
100
intrinsic proteins on the plasma membrane are...
| they are also called ___
ones that go all the way through;
| integral proteins
101
extrinsic proteins on the plasma membrane are...
| they are also called ___
ones that only go through one bilayer;
| peripheral proteins
102
how do extrinsic proteins say on the membrane?
ionic bonds to integral proteins or polar head group of phospholipid
103
cholesterol increases / decreases fluidity of plasma membrane
normal temp: increase fluidity by disrupting phospholipid interactions
high temp: decrease fluidity because cholesterol is more rigid than phospholipids
104
what is more important in determining permeability through plasma membrane: size or charge?
charge (most of the time)
105
parthenogenesis
activation & development of egg without sperm (asexual reproduction)
106
isogamy
female & male gametes look the same
107
hermaphroditism / pseudo-hermaphroditism
mating with yourself (type of sexual reproduction)
108
epigenetic modulation occurs at the __ level
RNA
109
epigenetics allow...
expression of multiple protein from the same sequence of DNA
110
HR is regulated by which part of the CNS?
brain stem
111
appetite is regulated by which part of the CNS?
hypothalamus
112
myoglobin can be founds in...
muscles & organs
113
a-H are very acidic / basic
acidic (want to be removed)
114
antibodies are not very effective at combating viruses which mutate quickly because antibodies are very...
specific
115
AZT drug prevents ____ bond
phosphate-sugar backbone
116
Polarity of C-OH vs. C=O
C-OH is more polar
117
perineum
area between sexy-bits and anus
118
leukocytes gravitate towards...
inflammation
119
visceral
related to organs (e.g. visceral fat is fat around organs)
120
liver cells regenerate by...
mitosis
121
2-deoxythymidine is a component of...
DNA
122
action of neutrophils
destroy foreign cells by phagocytosis (makes pus)
123
filtrate is formed at...
glomerulus
124
hydrolysis of amide =
carboxylic acid
