Biology Flashcards

Question

What is one effect of administering epenephirne?

Answer 1

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels. Also increased heart rate and elevated blood sugar levle.

Answer 2

Only AB because A people make antibodies against B antigen. B people make antibodies against A antigen. O people make antibodies against A and B people. People with AB type blood can only donate to other with AB type blood.

Answer 3

Antigen Presentation to B cell and helper T cells would lead to an increase of immunoglobulin production.

Answer 4

9:3:3:1. This is a dibybrid cross which leads to this ratio.

Answer 5

Founder Effect. This is where a population is started by a small group and has limited variation which can lead to a higher incidence of genetic disorders such as Tay Sachs disease.

Answer 6

humerus and ulna.

Answer 7

85% DNA sequencing. DNA sequence analysis and rRNA sequence analysis are the best ways of determining the relatedness of bacteria.

Answer 8

heat. Energy is lost as heat.

Answer 9

PpSs x PpSS. The only way to get all four phenotypes (dominant and recessive) it has to have both parents heterozygous for both dominant and recessive traits.

Answer 10

hold the cell cycle in G1/s by activating p21. Induces apoptosis by activating p21. activates DNA repair proteins by activating p21.

Answer 11

100% yellow. 50% will be FF and 50% will be Ff means 100% yellow.

Answer 12

Cause disease of the intestines. One genus of spirilla (a category of spiral bacteria) Campylobacter commonly causes GI tract diesease.

Answer 13

addition of poly A tail

Answer 14

Clavin Cycle. It follows the light reaction in photosynthesis.

Answer 15

Erythrocyte. They lack a nucleus and no organelles.

Answer 16

Cytotoxic T-cell. It is also know as T-cells or CD8 cells. They can bind to and kill infected cells and cancer cells.

Answer 17

They are transmitted by ticks.

Answer 18

Ampicillin. It works well on gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus.

Answer 19

They have thin lines perpendicular to the fibers between the cells known as intercalated discs.

Answer 20

Decomposers.

Answer 21

Damage to the cilia in the respiratory tract which causes more lung infections.

Answer 22

This is an x-linked disorder.

Answer 23

Preventing DNA synthesis.

Answer 24

- epithelial - connective - nervous - muscle

Answer 25

- loose connective - dense connective - adipose tissue - cartilage - bone - blood

Answer 26

- protection (rib cage) - movement (alongside muscles) - mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus) - production of blood (red and white blood cells in the bone marrow)

Answer 27

Muscles > Muscle Fibers > Bundles of Myofibrils > Myofibrils | > Actin and Myosin

Answer 28

- skeletal muscle | - cardiac muscle

Answer 29

Smooth muscles line the blood vessels and gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 30

sensory and motor

Answer 31

The place where signal transmission occurs - a junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle (a.k.a. a neuromuscular junction.

Answer 32

Neurotransmitters are chemicals which are stored in the synapse (in synaptic vesicles) and then released into the synaptic cleft (space between cells) and diffuses across to send the signal to the next cell.

Answer 33

A neurotransmitter, which binds to acetylcholine receptors on the membrane of the receiving (postsynaptic) cell - remaining neurotransmitter is either broken down enzymatically or reabsorbed (re-uptake)

Answer 34

- 70 millivolts - High levels of Potassium (K) - Low levels of Sodium (Na)

Answer 35

- High Sodium (Na) | - Low Potassium (K)

Answer 36

The botulism, the botulinum inhibits the release of acetylcholine - in mysathenia gravis (muscle weakness), antibodies block acetylcholine receptors.

Answer 37

- Brain - Spinal Cord - Meninges (a covering of the central nervous system - surrounds the brain and spinal cord) .

Answer 38

Everything that is not in the central nervous system - peripheral nerves run to and from the central nervous system - two broad types of peripheral nerves are sensory and motor.

Answer 39

The autonomic nervous system is also known as the involuntary functions (you don't have to think about these) - examples are the control of the heart beat, digestion, breathing -- it usually involves smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.

Answer 40

The somatic nervous system is also known as voluntary - you control this - usually involves skeletal muscle.

Answer 41

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Answer 42

The sympathetic system usually accelerates things ( e.g.: heart rate)

Answer 43

The parasympathetic system usually slows things down.

Answer 44

Certain movements involve sensory information which is not processed by the brain. Why? The reason is speed - reflexes are faster because the signal does not have to be sent up to and then return from the brain - instead, processing takes place in a region of the spinal cord.

Answer 45

- Cerebrum- it functions to process sensory information and memory - Cerebellum - receives information from muscles and sensory receptors, it also controls balance and coordinated movement. - Brain Stem- controls many of the autonomic functions such as breathing and heart beat.

Answer 46

The Cornea

Answer 47

To control the amount of light passing through the lens.

Answer 48

Rods and Cones which detect light.

Answer 49

Optic Nerve (CN 2)

Answer 50

To collect sound and send it to the ear drum through the auditory canal.

Answer 51

The middle ear is separated from the outer ear by the tympanic membrane (eardrum). Vibrations picked up by the tympanic membrane get passed through a series of small bones: Hammer -> Anvil -> Stirrup (Incus -> Malleus -> Stapes) The middle ear is connected to the pharynx (throat) by the Eustachian tube or the auditory tube - its function is to equalize pressure.

Answer 52

The inner ear is made up of the cochlea and three semicircular canals. The cochlea processes sound and sends the information down the auditory nerve. The function of the semicircular canals (vestibular apparatus) is balance, sometimes referred to as dynamic equilibrium.

Answer 53

The function of blood is to transport wastes, nutrients, and oxygen.

Answer 54

The 2 main components are fluid and cells.

Answer 55

Plasma- the fluid portion of blood - contains: water, proteins, and electrolytes.

Answer 56

Erythrocytes - a.k.a. Red Blood cells (RBCs) -- the most numerous cells in the blood - they carry oxygen via transport protein HEMOGLOBIN - old RBCs are removed in the liver and the spleen.

Answer 57

Leukocytes - a.k.a. white blood cells (WBCs) - most function in the immune system to protect the body against disease - some (platelets or thrombocytes) are involved in blood clotting.

Answer 58

heart->artery->arteriole->capillary->venule->vein->back to the heart

Answer 59

The largest blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart -- they have smooth muscle and elastic tissue in their lining -- arterioles are narrower

Answer 60

Blood returns to the heart in venules and then in veins, the largest vein is the vena cava -- veins may contain valves -- the pressure in veins is much lower than that of arteries.

Answer 61

pulmonary and systemic

Answer 62

Pulmonary Circulation takes blood from the heart to the lungs and back. - Oxygen poor blood goes from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery (note that most arteries contain oxygen rich blood, this is an exception) - Oxygen rich blood returns from the lungs to the heart via the pulmonary vein (note that most veins contain oxygen poor blood, this is an exception) - it enters the left atrium and then goes to the left ventricle.

Answer 63

Systemic circulation takes blood from the heart to the body and back. Oxygen poor blood returns from the body to the right atrium. The left ventricle pumps oxygen rich blood to the body (via the Aorta-- the largest vessel with the highest pressure)

Answer 64

bringing in Oxygen and getting rid of Carbon Dioxide.

Answer 65

Upper Respiratory Tract and Lower Respiratory tract.

Answer 66

The upper respiratory tract consists of the nasal cavity, sinuses, middle ear, oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and the larynx (voice box).

Answer 67

The lower Respiratory Tract consists of the: - Bronchi and Bronchioles - Alveoli - Diaphragm

Answer 68

The trachea branches into 2 major branches -- the bronchi - each bronchus leads into one lung. In the lungs the bronchi branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles.

Answer 69

Alveoli are the air sacs at the end of the bronchioles -- gas exchange takes place here.

Answer 70

A sheet of muscle that marks the boundary between the thoracic cavity which sucks in air -- this is known as negative pressure breathing.

Answer 71

the alveoli are fragile structures - only one cell thick- the reason they are so thin is that gas exchange takes place by diffusion (not by active transport) -- Carbon Dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream and Oxygen diffuses in.

Answer 72

Fluid accumulation in the alveoli interferes with gas exchange, leading to lack of oxygen.

Answer 73

The endocrine system controls a wide range of bodily functions - metabolism, growth, reproduction, and temperature.

Answer 74

Hormones are chemical messengers used in the endocrine system -- two basic types STEROIDAL (estrogen and testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone) produced mainly by the testes, ovaries, and adrenal glands and NON STEROIDAL or peptide hormones (all others). TROPIC HORMONES affect endocrine glands.

Answer 75

Endocrine Cells and Glands

Answer 76

Endocrine Glands and their products include the HYPOTHALAMUS (produces various hormones which affect the pituitary gland). PITUITARY GLAND (produces GH or Growth Hormone, ACTH or Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, TSH or Thyroid stimulating hormone, FSH or Follicle Stimulating Hormone, and LH or Luteinizing Hormone. LH and FSH control ovulation / the menstrual cycle in women and sperm in men. in the anterior lobe and oxytocin and ADH in the posterior lobe (oxytocin is involved in childbirth and vasopressin (ADH) raises blood pressure and makes the kidneys conserve water.)

Answer 77

- Pineal Gland - Thyroid and Parathyroid - Adrenal Glands - Pancreas - Ovaries and Testes

Answer 78

Melatonin which influences the biological clock.

Answer 79

Thyroxin which influences metabolism.

Answer 80

Parathyroid Hormone which increases blood calcium levels.

Answer 81

- Cortisol -- raises blood pressure and reduces immune function. - Aldosterone -- regulates Na/L balance in the blood - Epinephrine -- a.k.a. Adrenaline, and Norepinephrine = fight or flight response to stress, and Acetylcholine.

Answer 82

produces insulin and glucagon for glucose metabolism.

Answer 83

Estrogen which regulates the menstrual cycle and the reproductive system.

Answer 84

Testosterone, which promotes tissue growth and regulates the reproductive system.

Answer 85

Digesting food, metabolizing food, and excretion of wastes.

Answer 86

an enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch.

Answer 87

enzyme that breaks down protein -- present in saliva and gastric secretions

Answer 88

enzyme that breaks down lipids or fats.

Answer 89

Mouth, Salivary Glands, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Duodenum, Small intestine (Ilium), Large intestine (colon), Appendix, Liver, Gallbladder, and the Pancreas.

Answer 90

teeth start the mechanical breakdown of the food.

Answer 91

Saliva starts the digestive process (via salivary enzymes) -- saliva also acts as a lubricant -- The largest of the three salivary glands are the parotid glands.

Answer 92

The throat, food passes through here from the mouth to the esophagus.

Answer 93

A muscular tube which leads to the stomach -- food is moved down by coordinated muscular contraction -- peristalsis - a valve (esophageal sphincter) separates it from the stomach.

Answer 94

it has a muscular wall filled with mucus - contains gastric enzymes and acid (pH 1) for breaking down food.

Answer 95

The first portion of the intestine after the stomach -- separated from the stomach by the duodenal or pyloric sphincter.

Answer 96

this is where the majority of digestion and nutrient absorption takes place -- the surface area is covered with thousands of finger-like projections called villi - these increase the surface area for nutrient absorption ... movement is still achieved by peristalsis.

Answer 97

waste is produced here -- water is absorbed -- its removal produces feces or stool -- the final portion of the large intestine is the rectum.

Answer 98

also known as the vermiform appendix -- a small pouch off the colon -- it appears to serve as a refuge for beneficial bacteria.

Answer 99

It is important for metabolism -- involved in the production and breakdown of proteins -- produces and breaks down glycogen which is involved in sugar metabolism -- and also breaks down toxins.

Answer 100

it releases bile into the duodenum -- bile is responsible for breaking down fats.

Answer 101

The pancreas produces insulin which is involved in glucose metabolism.

Answer 102

removes wastes and retains the materials the body needs.

Answer 103

The Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra.

Answer 104

the major excretory organs -- have massive amounts of blood (from the renal artery and vein) flowing through them all the time -- remove waste from the blood stream.

Answer 105

The Nephron, Glomerulus, Renal Tube, and Collecting Ducts.

Answer 106

the basic functional unit of the kidney -- the kidney is made up of many nephrons -- within the nephron is the renal corpuscle, which is made of a bowman's capsule surrounding the capillaries of a glomerulus.

Answer 107

the site in the kidney where filtration occurs.

Answer 108

collects fluid from the glomerulus -- the process involves active transport to eliminate the materials that are not wanted by the body (e.g. urea) while reabsorbing those that are ( glucose, Na+, and Water).

Answer 109

The carry filtrate from the tubules to the Ureters.

Answer 110

tubes which transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Answer 111

a site for the storage of urine.

Answer 112

Urine flows to the outside from the bladder by way of the urethra.

Answer 113

True, Reabsorption utilized active transport.

Answer 114

Nucleus and Organelles

Answer 115

Both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes have Ribosomes.

Answer 116

They are single celled, members of two domains: Eubacteria and Archaea. They are Prokaryotic, most bacteria are decomposers.

Answer 117

Clostridium

Answer 118

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (except viruses)

Answer 119

Purple staining. They are thick with many peptidoglycan layers.

Answer 120

Stain Pink. They have a small amount of peptidoglycan with an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Answer 121

Flagella, Fimbrae, Single Chromosome (circular and free floating in the cell), plasmids, endospore, glycocalyx, pilli or pilus.

Answer 122

For movement -- bacteria don't have cilia or amoeboid motion

Answer 123

Hari-like structures for attachment to surfaces.

Answer 124

For exchange of DNA

Answer 125

a sugar-containing layer which can help protect the bacteria or adhere to surfaces

Answer 126

a small circular piece of DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome.

Answer 127

A very tough survival structure.

Answer 128

Most bacterial stains have a positive charge and stain the cytoplasm of the bacteria. Gram stain is the most widely used stain, which involves a decolorization step with alcohol that removes the color from cells with a thinner gram negative cell wall. The Gram Positive Cells hold on to the Purple (crystal-violet) Primary Stain. The Gram Negative cells and Counterstained pink (safranin).

Answer 129

They spin other flagella flap.

Answer 130

Streptococcus and Stapylococcus

Answer 131

Skin, Respiratory Tract, and Elsewhere.

Answer 132

E. Coli ; Salmonella ; and Shigella

Answer 133

The GI Tract and also serve as indicators of pollution, since they are only found in the gut or feces.

Answer 134

E. Coli, Shigella, and Salmonella.

Answer 135

Clostridium

Answer 136

Mycobacterium

Answer 137

Bordatella

Answer 138

Borrelia and Treponema

Answer 139

Pertussis or Whooping Cough

Answer 140

Lyme Disease, which is transmitted by Tick.

Answer 141

they are eukaryotic, single-celled -- they move by a variety of means including flagella, cilia, or amoeboid motion.

Answer 142

A tough survival stage, which is often the stage that transmits a disease (such as in Gardia, Cryptosporidium or Entamoeba) -- the remainder of the time they are in a form known as a throphozoite.

Answer 143

In water or Moist areas.

Answer 144

Some are photosynthetic (Euglena), many are predators, and some absorb nutrients.

Answer 145

Plasmodium, which has a complex life cycle and mainly infects RBCs in humans and the digestive tract of mosquitos. The symptoms of malaria are associated with the destruction of red blood cells.

Answer 146

Amebiasis ; Giardia ; and Cryptosporidium

Answer 147

Trypanisoma, causes the disease known as sleeping sickness, which goes from the blood to the brain and is transmitted by the Tse Tse fly.

Answer 148

Taxoplamosis, flu like illness caused by taxoplasma, which involves cats -- the fetus can be infected if a women gets this disease during pregnancy.

Answer 149

Fungi are both single-celled and multicellular. Their major role in nature is as decomposers. -- they grow on, break down and absorb nutrients from dead material. Fungi typically reproduce by means of asexual or sexual spores -- spores often contained in a specialized structure known as a fruiting body -- spores can be involved in the transmission of fungal diseases and are also one of the most common causes of respiratory allergies ( e.g.: hay fever or asthma )

Answer 150

Molds, Yeasts, Lichen, and Fungal Diseases.

Answer 151

A multicellular fungi -- composed of strands (hyphae) of cells all joined into one mass -- some have chitin in their cell wall. Examples inculde: Penicillium and Mushrooms (the visible part of the mushroom is the fruiting body)

Answer 152

A single celled fungus -- can carry out fermentation. Economically important for the production of bread, wine, and beer.

Answer 153

A symbiotic relationship between fungus and algae. The algae provides the food via photosynthesis, the mold attaches to the surface and absorbs the nutrients.

Answer 154

the most common site for fungal diseases is the skin -- a group of fungi called dermatophytes can break down keratin in your skin -- the disease is commonly called ringworm -- it occurs in various areas of the body such as the head (Tinea Capitis) and the feet (Tinea Corporis) and is caused by the fungi such as Epidermophyton and tricophyton -- another fungi that commonly causes disease is the yeast Candida which can infect the mouth, intestines, or vagina and is often seen in immunosuppressed patients (e.g.: HIV infection or patients on cancer chemotherapy)

Answer 155

The two major groups here are the primitive flatworms (flukes and tapeworms) and round worms (e.g.: hookworm, pinworm) -- they typically lay large numbers of eggs. Some form cysts inside the issues of their host which can then be involved in disease transmission.

Answer 156

The most common site for parasitic worms is the intestines -- examples include Ascaris, hookworms, pinworm, and tapeworm. The worm Trichinella, which is acquired from eating un/undercooked food pork it leaves the intestines and forms cysts in the muscles, the fluke Shistosoma and the roundworm hookworm enter the body by drilling a hole in the skin, tapeworms are acquired by eating un/undercooked beef, pork, or fish,

Answer 157

They are extremely small -- smaller than other microorganisms (including bacteria) Very simple structure -- consist of only protein coat (called a capsid) and nucleic acid (can be DNA or RNA) known as the genome. Some (e.g.: herpes) also have an outer membrane called the envelope. Are not cells -- no cell wall, no cell membrane, no nucleus, no organelles, -- are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes.

Answer 158

Viruses lack the structures and enzymes needed to make energy, make protein, and carry out most other cellular functions -- therefore they must live inside a host cell (that's what "obligate intracellular parasite" means) -- the host cell will do all the things the virus cannot. All viruses must live inside of some sort of host cell. They cannot live outside of one.

Answer 159

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria -- they have an polyhedral head with a tubular/helical tail with fibers at the bottom used for attachment.

Answer 160

is very different from all other living things -- Other living things reproduce by cell division -- one cell divides and becomes two cells -- viruses do not. Viruses reproduce by the synthesis and assembly of subunits -- in other words, many copies of all parts of the virus (nucleic acid, protein coat) are made inside the host cell -- these parts are then put together to make many viruses. The stages in viral replication include attachment (which is host and tissue specific), penetration (the virus enters the host cell by endocytosis or fusion of the envelope), uncoating (the genome is released from inside the capsid), synthesis (the host makes viral proteins and nucleic acid), maturation/assembly (the viral subunits are put together), and release (the virus exits the host cell).

Answer 161

It is where some viruses do not complete replicating but exist as DNA inserted into the host's DNA. The virus may reactivate and continue replicating at a later time, as in Herpes, HIV, and chicken pox/shingles.

Answer 162

These are odd organisms include viroids (made up of only small pieces of RNA with no protein), and Prions (made only of protein with no DNA or RNA). Prions cause destruction of the brain -- best known disease is BSE or "mad cow disease"

Answer 163

Viruses can infect anywhere in the body. In the respiratory tract, they cause influenza and the common cold. A feature of the influenza virus is that it changes its surface proteins often and so avoids the immune response and can infect you repeatedly. On the skin, viruses can cause chicken pox, rubella, warts, and of variety of diseases associated with herpes simplex virus. In the digestive tract they cause hepatitis, mumps, and gastroenteritis. Rarely seen, but serious diseases in the nervous system include: rabies, polio, and encephalitis. In other areas of the body we see, mononucleosis, and viral fevers such as yellow fever. The retrovirus family, which includes HIV, use the enzyme reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA genome into DNA after entering the host.

Answer 164

It is the study of disease transmission. Disease-causing microbes (pathogens) can be transmitted in a variety of ways: contact, respiratory, enteric, environmental, or by vectors (living things such as mosquitoes and ticks). Most pathogenic microbes come from other humans, although a few (zoonoses) come from animals, the environment, and even in the hospital (noscomial infections).

Answer 165

a.k.a. as normal microbiota, refers to those microbes that live in and on certain areas of the human body normally and are not harmful, in fact they are beneficial (Lactobacillus, for example, because it is used as a probiotic). The relationship of humans and their gut bacteria is considered to be mutualistic as both benefit -- the benefit to humans includes the production of vitamins such as vitamin K by gut flora.

Answer 166

The damage seen in bacterial diseases us often due to the effect of toxins -- either exotoxins (which are secreted by certain bacteria (e.g.: the tetanus toxin)) or endotoxins (which are part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria). In viral disease the damage they do while replicating inside of cells of the immune response are major contributors to symptoms.

Answer 167

HEAT (BOILING OR AUTOCLAVING), which denatures proteins, ionizing radiation (gamma rays and x-rays) which create toxic free radicals inside cells, and UV radiation, which damages DNA.

Answer 168

Most chemicals denature proteins. Examples are alcohol, iodine, chlorine, and phenolics (such as Lysol and Phisohex). Hydrogen Peroxide (is effective against anaerobic bacteria).

Answer 169

antibacterial drugs include those that inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis and damage the cell wall (penicillins, cephalosporins, and bacitracin,) are the most effective against Gram-Positive bacteria, those the interfere with protein synthesis (tertacycline, and erythromycin) and are broad-spectrum, and the sulfa drugs, which block DNA and RNA synthesis by mimicking enzyme substrates.

Answer 170

Many antiviral drugs such as acyclovir (used for herpes), and AZT (used for HIV) work by resembling nucleotides and blocking DNA synthesis.

Answer 171

Many antifungal drugs such as polyenes and azoles target the plasma membrane of fungi.

Answer 172

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 173

(1/2) raised to the number of rounds, in this case 4. | This equals 1/16, which in decimal form is 6.25%

Answer 174

It is a complex carrier mechanism that generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, and it occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Answer 175

It is the oxidative breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, and it occurs in the cytoplasm.

Answer 176

It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. The Krebs Cycle begins when aceytal CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate. Then a complicated series of reactions follows, which results in the release of 2 Carbon Dioxide molecules and the regeneration of oxaloacetate.

Answer 177

This occurs in microbodies called peroxisomes, which break down fat into smaller molecules to use as fuel.

Answer 178

Occurs in matrix for Krebs Cycle, inner mitochondrial membrane for ETC, and cytoplasm for Glycolysis.

Answer 179

Cell wall composed of peptidoglycans.

Answer 180

The prokaryotic cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan, which are polysaccharides croos-linked by short peptide (protein) chains.

Answer 181

They are components of the Eukaryotic chloroplast. The granules are stacks of thylakoid membranes within the chloroplast.

Answer 182

It is messenger RNA which is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and transports genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome.

Answer 183

Cellulose.

Answer 184

Linear DNA are bundled on histones and packaged as chromosomes, which are only found in eukaryotes. (Prokaryotes have circular DNA).

Answer 185

Glycolysis is anaerobic and occurs in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In anaerobic conditions or in aerobic bacteria, it is the first step in fermentation. In Eukaryotes, pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid, and in prokaryotes, it is reduced to ethanol.

Answer 186

In glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down and 4 ATP are formed. However, due to the initial investment of 2 ATP, the net production of ATP is 2. Also, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH. These molecules will later enter the ETC to produce ATP.

Answer 187

Adenine and Guanine

Answer 188

Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine

Answer 189

Guanine always bonds with Cytosine with three hydrogen bonds.

Answer 190

Adenine bonds with Thymine or Uracil with two hydrogen bonds.

Answer 191

False, lipids do not form polymers. Carbohydrates form polymers known as polysaccahrides, which are chains of repeating monosaccharides.

Answer 192

Blastulation beings when the morula develops a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel, which, by the fourth day of human development, will become a hollow sphere of cells called the blastula.

Answer 193

The zygote is the diploid cell (2N) that results from the fusion of two haploid (N) gametes.

Answer 194

The Morula is the solid ball of cells that results from the early stages of cleavage in an embryo.

Answer 195

The gastrula is the embryonic stage characterized by the presence of endoderm, ectoderm, the blastocoel, and the archenteron. The early gastrula is two layered; later a third layer, the mesoderm, develops.

Answer 196

It is like the stomach of the cell, and is characterized as a membrane-bound organelle that stores hydrolytic enzymes.

Answer 197

Chloroplasts are found only in plant cells and algae. They contain chlorophyll and are the site for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain their own DNA and ribosomes and it is thought that they might have evolved from symbiosis.

Answer 198

They are specialized containers for metabolic reactions.

Answer 199

They are involved in the transport and storage of materials, which are ingested by a cell through phagocytosis.

Answer 200

They are membrane-bound sacs involved in transport and storage of materials that are ingest, secreted, processed, or digested by the cells. Vacuoles are larger than vesicles. Vacuoles are more likely to be found in plant cells.

Answer 201

It develops into the epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts, parts of the liver, pancreas, thyroid, and the bladder lining.

Answer 202

It is a sac-like structure involved in respiration and excretion. It contains numerous blood vessels to transport CO2, O2, water, salt, and nitrogenous wastes. Later during development, the vessels enlarge and become the umbilical vessels, which connect the fetus to the placenta.

Answer 203

The chorion lines the inside of the shell and is a moist membrane that permits gas exchange.

Answer 204

The amnion is the membrane that encloses the amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid provides an aqueous environment that protects the developing embryo from shock.

Answer 205

The yolk sac encloses the yolk. Blood vessels in the yolk sac transfers food to the developing embryo.

Answer 206

They are outgrowths of the four previous membranes. This system delivers oxygen to the fetus while removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.

Answer 207

Are cell fragments that lack nuclei, and involved in blood clotting.

Answer 208

They carry out phagocytosis of foreign particles and bacteria, digest them, and present the fragments on their cell surface.

Answer 209

T Cells lyse virally infected cells or secrete proteins that stimulate the development of B cells or other types of T cells.

Answer 210

B cells mature into memory cells or antibody-producing cells during immune response.

Answer 211

20 PGAL, 6 CO2, 6 RBP molecules.

Answer 212

False, Sulfur is found in proteins, but never in Nucleic Acids. The famous Hershey-Chase experiment took advantage of this to determine whether proteins or nucleic acids carried genetic information of the cell.

Answer 213

C, H, O, N, and P. They are polymers of subunits called nucleotides, and they code all the information needed by an organism to produce proteins and replicate.

Answer 214

haploid and produce haploid gametophyte generations. Therefore, since they have 18 chromosomes, that would be the haploid number. The diploid number would be 36.

Answer 215

Plant cells are rigid and cannot form a cleavage furrow. They divide the cell by the formation of a cell plate, and expanding partition that grows outward from the interior of the cell until it reaches the cell membrane.

Answer 216

False. Plant cells lack centrioles. The spindle apparatus is synthesized by microtubule organizing centers, which are not visible.

Answer 217

Fasle. Animal cells have centrioles from which the spindle apparatus arises.

Answer 218

False. Most cells divisions have equal cytokinesis, except for cells such as yeast, which bud.

Answer 219

Nervous system, the epidermis, the lens of the eye, and the inner ear.

Answer 220

The lining of the digestive tract, the lungs, liver, and pancreas.

Answer 221

muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, gonads, and kidneys

Answer 222

True. Osmosis is a special type of diffusion involving water, and is a form of passive transport.

Answer 223

High Solute / Low Solvent

Answer 224

High Solvent / Low Solute

Answer 225

Disruptive selection occurs when selection acts to eliminate the intermediate type and favor the extremes.

Answer 226

This eliminates both extremes and the occurrence of intermediates.

Answer 227

It is a random change in the gene pool that occurs over time. Genetic Drift is felt strongly in small populations where random changes have significant effects on the gene pool.

Answer 228

It eliminates one extreme and increases the other extreme.

Answer 229

Gene Flow occurs when groups migrate from place to place, carrying new alleles to a previously isolated population.

Answer 230

True. Detrivore means Decomposer.

Answer 231

It controls many vital functions, including breathing, heart rate, and gastrointestinal activity.

Answer 232

Hunger, Sex Drive, thirst, water balance, blood pressure, and temperature regulation. It also plays an integral role in controlling the endocrine system.

Answer 233

The cerebrum, usually referred to as the cerebral cortex, process and integrates sensory input and motor responses and is important for memory and creative thought.

Answer 234

It is important in coordinating muscles. It aids in balance (it receives imput from the inner ear), hand-eye coordination, and timing of rapid movements.

Answer 235

the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

Answer 236

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic Hormone or ADH a.k.a. Vasopression.

Answer 237

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 238

Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the Pancreas

Answer 239

The Graafian Follicle within the Ovary during the menstrual cycle

Answer 240

The Thyroid Gland

Answer 241

mutualistic

Answer 242

Commenalism. | Example (barnacles on whales)

Answer 243

Luteinizing Hormone is the first released as a surge midway through the menstrual cycle. This surge causes the mature follicle to burst, releasing the ovum from the ovary. Following ovulation, LH induces the ruptured follicle to develop into the corpus luteum, which secretes estrogen and progesterone.

Answer 244

Progesterone and Estrogen

Answer 245

GnRH Release

Answer 246

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 247

estrogen and progesterone

Answer 248

Contraction

Answer 249

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 250

Cardiac, Skeletal, and Smooth Muscle Contractions

Answer 251

They are complex, coordinated, innate behavioral responses to specific patterns of stimulation in the environment. These responses are controlled from all levels of the central nervous system. The characteristic movement of herd animals is an example.

Answer 252

It is an example of a complex reflex pattern. These responses are controlled from the brainstem or cerebrum.

Answer 253

They are controlled at the spinal cord.

Answer 254

They are an example of a behavior cycle. These behaviors are a response to both internal and external stimuli, and they control such behaviors as sleep, wakefulness, eating, and satiation.

Answer 255

It is the male organ of a flower and consists of the stalk-like filament with the anther on top. The anther produces monoploid spores, which develop into pollen grains.

Answer 256

The female organ of a flower consists of the stigma (E), the site of pollen deposition; the style (A), a tubelike structure that connects the stigma to the ovary; and the ovary, which contains ovules and is the site of fertilization and seed development.

Answer 257

It is a specialized leaf that serves to protect the female organs of the plant and to attract insects to aid in fertilization.

Answer 258

The first species to inhabit an area that was previously devoid of life.

Answer 259

A symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi. Which occur on rocky surfaces. The acid produced by lichens aids in soil formation, which allows other organisms to colonize the area. This is followed by Moss, which is followed by grass, which is followed by ferns, which is followed by birches.

Answer 260

The cortex. Filtrate that enters the nephron travels through the proximal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, and renal pelvis, then out of the kidney, then to the bladder.

Answer 261

within the cortex

Answer 262

in the renal medulla

Answer 263

The purpose is to reabsorb water so that the urine is concentrated.

Answer 264

A niche defines the functional role of an organism and its ecosystem. A niche describes what the organism eats, where, and how it obtains food, the nature of the parasites and predators, how it reproduces, etc. Organisms occupying the same niche compete for food, water, light, oxygen, and space

Answer 265

Organisms evolve more distinctly.

Answer 266

Organisms evolve more similarly.

Answer 267

This pump is an active transport protein that maintains an electrochemical gradient across the membrane by pumping 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in. This makes the cell negative on the inside relative to the outside and creates a high concentration of Na outside of the cell relative to the inside, and high concentration of K inside relative to the outside. The membrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+, and it is this balance between the pump and the "leaky" membrane that determines the membranes resting potential (-70 millivolts)

Answer 268

Cerebellum

Answer 269

Hypothalamus

Answer 270

The green pigment that participates in the light reactions of photosynthesis, it has a magnesium atom in its center.

Answer 271

The left lung has two lobes; the right lung has 3 lobes. The right lung is larger than the left lung and has a cardiac notch to allow fir the heart and its vasculature.

Answer 272

Sensory or Afferent Neurons will carry nerve impulses from the peripheral body parts into the brain or spinal cord. These neurons are closely related with receptor cells located in the skin or sensory organs such as the eye or nose.

Answer 273

glands and muscles

Answer 274

It allows a researcher to examine many genes and determine which are expressed in a particular cell type. A microscope slide containing thousands of individual genes are placed in discrete spots. This is called microarray. This technique allows you to determine gene expression. DNA microarray can be used to detect DNA or RNA that may or may not be translated in proteins.

Answer 275

A mammal that can lay eggs, example: platypus.

Answer 276

Chitin is a polysaccharide containing glucose molecules with nitrogen groups attached. It is actually a polymer of aminosugars.

Answer 277

Fatty Acid and Glycerol

Answer 278

polysaccharides

Answer 279

Nucleotides ( A T C G U )

Answer 280

The Na+/K+ Pump is actually an integral protein. This pump actively pumps 3 Na+ out of a cell and 2 K+ into a cell against their gradients, thus utilizing ATP. If a drug such as oubain or digitalis is given, the pump will stop and Na+ will build up inside the cell.

Answer 281

The illeoceccal valve is at the junction of the small and large intestine. This valve will prevent the contents of the large intestine from entering the small intestine, and vice versa.

Answer 282

Colchicine is an alkaloid that inhibits the polymerization of tubulin in microtubules. Microtubules and associated proteins comprise the mitotic spindle. Mitosis would stop if Colchicine was present.

Answer 283

The Thyroid Gland produces calcitonin as well as the iodine-containing hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. These two iodine-containing hormones influence growth, development, and overall metabolic rates. Ingestion of radioactive I-131 is a method to determine thyroid activity.

Answer 284

Blood enters the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole and leaves via the efferent arteriole. If the efferent arteriole is constricted blood cannot flow passed the constricted point; this causes an increase in the glomerular pressure as blood backs up into the glomerulus consequently the glomerular hydrostatic pressure is increased and the filtration rate rises. The opposite will occur if the afferent arteriole in constricted; blood flow is diminished, hydrostatic pressure is decreased, and filtration decreases. Sympathetic innervations of the kidneys primarily will affect the afferent arterioles and causes the constriction and would reduce the urine output.

Answer 285

Nuclear Receptors

Answer 286

Cell-surface receptor

Answer 287

The unique feature of angiosperms is double fertilization of the egg nucelus and central nucleus. One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg: we form a 2N Zygote. Now the other sperm fertilizes the two haploid central nuclei forming a 3N endosperm nucleus, which is nutritive tissue. The endosperm will provide nutrients to the developing embryo.

Answer 288

The skin of the earthworm secretes mucous which keeps the skin moist. Moist skin is necessary for gas exchange, since it has no respiratory organs. Salt can destroy it's sensitive skin and lead to death.

Answer 289

Glycolysis

Answer 290

Indeterminate cleavage of a zygote will allow a human twin to be produced. In this type of cleavage, each cell that is made retains its capacity to develop into a viable embryo.

Answer 291

The hepatic vein will allow blood to leave the liver, The hepatic veins will empty into the inferior vena cava allowing blood to be returned to the general circulation.

Answer 292

Liver problems can prevent the normal removal of bile pigments via the digestive tract. If bile pigments such as bilirubin get into the circulation, they can cause skin discoloration seen as jaundice.

Answer 293

An autotroph makes their own food. Autotrophs make organic molecules from inorganic raw materials which they get from the environment. Plants are autotrophs. A plant is actually a photoautotroph; this means that it uses light energy to make proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

Answer 294

They are rough projections on the tongue's surface that provides friction for handling food and certain taste buds.

Answer 295

They are cone-shaped muscles located in the heart.

Answer 296

The photoreceptors of the retina of the eye contain rod and cone cells. Rods enable us to see at night, but in black and white. Cones respond to bright light and can distinguish colors in daylight.

Answer 297

The ciliary muscle of the eye is involved with changing the lens shape.

Answer 298

The echinoderms include invertebrates such as: starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. These creatures lack the segmentation seen in annelids, and display radial symmetry.

Answer 299

Convergent evolution is displayed when two distinct species with differing ancestors evolve to yield similar physical features. The humming bird and sunbird are examples.

Answer 300

Erythropoietin is a hormone released primarily from the kidneys and will stimulate and will stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

Answer 301

A pluripotent stem cell.

Answer 302

A stroke is the death of nervous tissue in the brain.

Answer 303

It is a blood clot that forms in a vessel abnormally

Answer 304

Erythrocytes > Platelets > Leukocytes

Answer 305

An injured cell may release histamine which cause white blood cells to migrate out of blood capillaries.

Answer 306

Norepinephrine

Answer 307

Epinephrine, aldosterone, and cortisol

Answer 308

Prostaglandins are modified fatty acids which help induce fever, pain sensation, and inflammation. Aspirin may inhibit prostaglandin activity

Answer 309

The exocrine tissue produces lipases, amylases, and proteases, and exports them to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. Its endocrine function is to produce hormones such as glucagon and insulin.

Answer 310

Norepinephrine may act with epinephrine to increase glycogen breakdown and allow glucose release into the bloodstream. Norepinephrine can also act as a neurotransmitter.

Answer 311

epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and aldosterone.

Answer 312

It is a hormone, in insect, which is involved with molting or metamorphisis.

Answer 313

The first trimester is the main period in which organs develop. Because of rapid organ development, the embryo is most sensitive to drugs which can cause birth defects. The embryo is called a fetus at about 8 weeks.

Answer 314

During the second trimester, the fetus is very active and the uterus will grow enough for pregnancy to be noticeable.

Answer 315

Final growth of 1.6 feet and 7 lbs may take place in this trimester.

Answer 316

The disulfide bond must be broken; hence reducing conditions must be employed.

Answer 317

Helicases, They are motor proteins that can help in the unwinding of nucleic acid strands using energy from ATP.

Answer 318

Several thousand restriction endonucleases have been isolated. The endonucleases have the ability to cut DNA only at a particular sequence of nucleotides. DNA ligase is involved in repairing discontinuities in DNA. Helicase is involved in unwinding the DNA. Dehydrogenases are involved in redox reactions.

Answer 319

Lymph nodes contain B cells, T cells, and macrophages. The large macrophages contain fibril-like pseudopodia that can attach to bacterium. Macrophages are the largest phagocytic cells and will phagocytize bacteria. Fixed macrophages are very numerous in lymphatic organs such as the spleen or the lymph nodes. Neutrophils have an average life span of a few days and tend to self-destruct as foreign invaders are destroyed. Neutrophils make up about 60% of white blood cells.

Answer 320

Pilli are large cellular appendages that are involved in the transfer of genetic information between bacterial cells, this process is called conjugation.

Answer 321

GRAM POSITIVE

Answer 322

A bacterium can start a process called endosporulation, whereby an endospore is produced. Endospores are resistant to extremes of temperature, chemicals, toxins, detergents, as well as radiation. Microorganisms can adapt to environmental changes: thus the production of endospores is a survival strategy employed by certain gram positive bacteria under adverse conditions. The cell wall of bacteria is made up of peptidoglycan, while that of the plant cell is made up of cellulose. The endospore will be comprised of bacterial cytoplasm, DNA, and will be surrounded by a very tough outer coat.

Answer 323

Analogous structures evolved independently and are built from different structures. Insect wings and those of birds are an example. Remember: Analogous structures share no common ancestor, but perform a similar function.

Answer 324

Fixed Action Pattern. A specific environment stimulus triggers a complex, coordinated behavioral response known as a fixed action pattern. These fixed-action patterns are not learned. Reflexes are the simplest of fixed-action patterns, but more complex ones fall into this category.

Answer 325

A hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

Answer 326

Return proteins and fluid back to the blood.

Answer 327

Lymph is a colorless, watery fluid that ravels through the lymph system and carries lymphocytes.

Answer 328

The spleen is an organ that makes lymphocytes, filters blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells.

Answer 329

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils.

Answer 330

Lymph is a tissue fluid that contains water, protein, salts, sugar, and urea.

Answer 331

Interstitial Fluid

Answer 332

The lymphatic system absorbs fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system, and transports them to the venous circulation.

Answer 333

The lymphatic system provides defense against micro-organisms. Lymph nodes filter the lymph to remove foreign invaders. Lymphatic organs such as the spleen contain lymphocytes that destroy these invaders.

Answer 334

The Lymphatic System

Answer 335

Epinephrine, Glucagon, Nerve Growth Factor, and Epidermal Growth Factor

Answer 336

1150 nucleotides Recall introns are removed from the primary transcript during post-transcriptional processing. We had 4000 base pairs, after removal, certainly there would have to be less than 4000 base pairs.

Answer 337

A series of amplifying steps. For example, epinephrine can bind to a receptor and cause a cascade which ultimately leads to glycogen breakdown. Glucagon can also cause a cascade upon binding to a receptor. Nerve growth factors are proteins that also regulate cell behavior by binding with receptors that can cause a biochemical cascade.

Answer 338

Programmed cell death. It can help sculpt hands and feet as well as eyes during embryonic development. The cells between these structures die and separation occurs. For example, a developing mouse fetus has web-like digits which become eliminated when cells die, giving rise to developing digits. A frog lost its tail when it was a tadpole; apoptosis occurred and caused the loss of the tail.

Answer 339

- Systems tend to move towards greater disorder (entropy) - Energy transfers are always accompanied by some amount of loss - Energy is required for highly organized systems. - For most systems heat represents this loss of energy

Answer 340

Homozygous recessive. This is because the the trait relies on a chromosome other than the sex chromosome. Two copies are needed for the recessive gene to be expressed, therefore, it has two recessive genes for the disorder, or homozygous recessive.

Answer 341

Adenyl Cyclase is inactive until EPINEPHRINE binds to the receptor protein. The Cyclic AMP functions as a second messenger.

Answer 342

Darwinian fitness refers to the contribution that an individual will make to the gene pool of the next generation. The greater the number of fertile offspring, the more likely Darwinian fitness can be measured.

Answer 343

ENDOTHERM Animals such as birds, mammals, some fish, and even certain insects use metabolic energy to maintain a constant body temperature. These animals are call endotherms. An Ectotherm warms its body mainly by heat absorption from its surroundings. Most invertebrates, amphibians, and reptiles are ectotherm.

Answer 344

Small intestine

Answer 345

Vertebral Column

Answer 346

upper limbs

Answer 347

Lower Limbs

Answer 348

Increasing the absorption surface

Answer 349

Gray Crescent

Answer 350

Fresh water fish live in a hypo-osmotic environment. Fresh water fish tend to take in a great deal of water and to lose too much salt. The compensate by rarely drinking, and actively absorbing salts through cells located on their gills. The fresh water fish excrete a great deal of dilute urine.

Answer 351

Salt water fish or marine fish live in a hyperosmotic environment that causes water loss, thus they must try to compensate by constantly drinking and actively secreting salt across their gills.

Answer 352

The small intestine has a very large surface area, about 300 meter squared. The villi contain capillaries and lacteals and are covered with microscopic "hairs" called microvilli that further increase surface area and aids in food absorption.

Answer 353

Cleavage is a series of mitotic cell divisions that follow fertilization. Cells undergo S and M phases of mitosis, but many times skip the G1 and G2 phases. The embryo does not increase in overall size during cleavage. Somites are segmented blocks of tissue that form on either side of the notochord. Somites go on to produce the vertebrae of the backbone, but also the muscles of the axial skeleton.

Answer 354

Trichophyton.Fungi such as Trichophyton and Epidermophyton cause an infection of the scalp known as Tinea cpitis, one of the forms of ringworm.

Answer 355

it blocks ribosome function.

Answer 356

receptor mediated endocytosis.

Answer 357

rabies. Rabies is a disease of mammals . Most common ones to transmit the disease to humans are bats, raccoons, and skunks.

Answer 358

to control the activity of endocrine glands. Tropic hormone such as TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) stimulate or effect the endocrine system.

Answer 359

Autoclaving- a resistant structure made by bacteria.

Answer 360

The most movable kind of joints – knee, hips, hands, wrist

Answer 361

IgG is in the highest amount (80%). IgM and igA each make up about 10%.

Answer 362

Somatic (voluntary) – you control this.

Answer 363

DNA ligase 1= ligases are enzymes that join DNA strands together.

Answer 364

Basidiomycota= “club fungi”

Answer 365

Each drug amplifies the effect of the other drug. In drug synergy each drug makes the other more effective and resistance is less likely to develop.

Answer 366

Serves as a site for storing beneficial bacteria

Answer 367

Spleen= filters the blood

Answer 368

Thermus thermophiles. They grow at high temperatures. Psychrophilic grow at low temperatures. Halobacterium salinarum lives in high salt

Answer 369

Glucagon= causes the release of glucose into the bloodstream.

Answer 370

Increase in histamine levels, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte accumulation, and increased sensitivity to pain.

Answer 371

Pia mater, arachnoid membrance, dura matter they are the 3 layers of the meninges.

Answer 372

Cows have multiple stomachs, (4). Microorganism rumen break down the cellulose.

Answer 373

types of mutations

Answer 374

Decrease nerve signal transmission

Answer 375

peptydoglycan

Answer 376

Antibodies

Answer 377

A hallow dorsal notochord

Answer 378

Cyanobacteria. They are an ancient group of photosynthetic bacteria that carry out oxgen.

Answer 379

Grey matter

Answer 380

Proteosomal degradation of protein.

Answer 381

The Allantois stalk, which eventually becomes the umbilical cord.

Answer 382

Calcium is combined with phosphate to give Ca3(PO4)2 ... or CALCIUM PHOSTPHATE. Thus, calcium phosphate is the main calcium compound found in bone.

Answer 383

99% of calcium in the human body is contained in bone and teeth. 1% of calcium is in the bloodstream.

Answer 384

Blood pressure is the highest in the aorta, the largest artery in the human body. Blood pressure is measure by a sphygmomanometer. A manometer measures gas pressures.

Answer 385

Fibroblast cells are involved with the synthesis of extracellular matrix and are the most common type of cell found in connective tissue.

Answer 386

Clathrin is involved with cell-mediated endocytosis.

Answer 387

Certain receptors are found in regions called coated pits, which contain Clathrin. The plasma membrane invaginates and fuses to form an endocytic vesicle. This endocytic process allows things such as cholesterol to enter the cell.

Answer 388

Spectrin is found in erythrocytes that enable them to resist strong shearing forces.

Answer 389

Most of the eye is made up of a jelly-like substance called the vitreous humor. The watery aqueous humor fills the anterior chamber of the eye. Light enters the eye at the cornea while the vitreous and aqueous humor help focus light onto the retina.

Answer 390

Pollen grains represent immature male gametophyte, not the ovule, which contains the female gametophyte.

Answer 391

a hinge-joint

Answer 392

ball and socket

Answer 393

one of the four ligaments connecting bones of the knee joint. This ligament will connect the femur and the tibia. ACL ligament limits rotational movement of the knee. This ligament is a common injury in athletes, such as football players and sprinters.

Answer 394

Plants and some bacteria employ a modification of the citric acid cycle called the glyoxylate cycle which can produce sugars from Acetyl CoA. The hexose monophosphate, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway, converts glucose into five-carbon sugars and generates NADPH which is used in reductive biosynthesis of lipids.

Answer 395

Dizygotic or fraternal twins may arise as a result of two separate eggs and two separate sperm. Monozygotic or identical twins are produced from the same zygote and generally result in an identical twin. Dizygotic twins are no more closely related genetically than are normal siblings.

Answer 396

Yes, Since they are transcribed in groups of three, we get 4 to the power of 3 (4x4x4 = 64 codons). In actuality, 64 codons are observed, more than enough to encode the 20 amino acids.

Answer 397

Genes of one strain of bacteria can incorporate the genes from another strain of bacteria. This phenomenon is called transformation. During this process, we see a change in phenotype due to the assimilation of the external genetic material.

Answer 398

The sperm and egg united to produce a zygote during fertilization or syngamy.

Answer 399

Methanogens are strictly anaerobic, they are poisoned by oxygen. They convert H2 and CO2 in methan. These organisms can be found in the gut of elephants, cows, and other ruminants. The methanogens live in swamps or marshes.

Answer 400

Glucose and fructose are isomers, thus the needed enzyme is an isomerase. Since the ATP is not involved in this step, a kinase would not be involved.

Answer 401

A change from one cell type to another such as inflammation or irritation.

Answer 402

It refers to an increase in cell numbers.

Answer 403

It refers to an increase in the cell size of a tissue or organ.

Answer 404

It refers to a decrease in cell size.

Answer 405

It refers to an almost complete failure of development.

Answer 406

A few hours after death, we see rigor mortis. Due to the lack of ATP, the actin and myosin filaments remain bonded together until the muscles begin decomposing.

Answer 407

Tetanus is a sustained, forceful muscle contraction.

Answer 408

A tonus is a condition of skeletal muscle in which a sustained slight contraction is maintained.

Answer 409

Summation is a response seen when stimuli are given to a muscle at short intervals so that the muscle does not have time to relax between stimuli.

Answer 410

Electron microscopes reveal many organelles that the light microscope does not; however, the chemical and physical methods used in the preparation kill the cells. In light (phase contrast) microscopy, no staining is done; hence the cells can be viewed alive. Light microscopes can magnify about 1000 times the size of a specimen. Remember, staining usually alters cells and will kill them.

Answer 411

Gel Electrophoresis will separate the DNA fragments based on their size. The largest fragments will move slower and move the least. The smallest fragments will move faster and closer to the bottom.

Answer 412

Carry capacity is the number of individuals in a species that can be sustained by the available resources. (The carrying capacity may be determined by factors such as predation, climate, and competition. The carrying capacity may vary over time).

Answer 413

Mitochondria are located in the mid-piece of the sperm and supply energy for the tail's whp-like movements. A sperm cell comes in contact with the zona pellucida. The membrane of the acrosome ruptures and releases its contents that excludes enzymes that act on the jelly coat and the egg cell membrane. Also, remember that the sperm cell is unusually small and has very little cytoplasm.

Answer 414

Appeasement behavior allows dominant hierarchies to be maintained and will inhibit other animals from attacking.

Answer 415

Courtship behavior precedes mating in most animals.

Answer 416

In self-sacrificial behavior, members help other individuals survive and reproduce at personal cost.

Answer 417

Agonist behavior may or may not result in physical combat. Animal showing higher attack motivation usually wins.

Answer 418

When introduced into a normal cell, an oncogene may transform it into a tumor cell. Some oncogenes encode defective or missing signal sites. For example, the signal for cell division is not properly regulated, tumor formation can occur. Oncogenes can also encode defective receptors, growth factors, G proteins, or nuclear regulators. A prion is a "protein infectious particle" that is composed of a protein that has adopted an abnormal conformation.

Answer 419

Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria can live with or without O2. Under anaerobic conditions, the bacterium switches to the process of fermentation for its energy. Obligate anaerobic bacteria will die if exposed to oxygen; these bacteria are unable to detoxify some products of oxygen metabolism. H2O2, for example would be a toxic product.

Answer 420

Ligand-gated channels are controlled by a substance present in the extracellular fluid to the receptor. n excited neuron releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. It is here on the postsynaptic neuron that acetylcholine interacts with the acetylcholine receptor and triggers an impulse. Binding causes a conformational change which opens the channel. The Acetylcholine is the ligand. Now, Na+ rush is, K+ move out; the Na+ influx depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, initiating an action potential. Voltage gated channels such as K+, Na+ are controlled by voltage across the membrane due to the concentration gradient or ions.

Answer 421

Amphibians do not live completely free on dry land since their reproduction depends on water. Amphibians were successful to invade land due to development of lungs, legs, and a redesigned heart and the ability to develop a means to prevent the drying of skin. Amphibians DO NOT HAVE AN AMNION. Amphibians are believed to have descended from air-breathing lobe-fin fish.

Answer 422

Phosphodiesterase

Answer 423

adenyl cyclase

Answer 424

IP3 is a second messenger that will activate Ca++ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Cyclic AMP and Cyclic GMP will activate protein kinases. NO will be involved in relaxing smooth muscle.

Answer 425

Delta G is (+) and non-spontaneous

Answer 426

Delta G is (-)

Answer 427

Pine Trees

Answer 428

Angiosperms are the flowering plants. They are the most successful of all plants, in terms of the number of species and the number of individuals. Following the fertilization in the angiosperm, the ovary develops into the fruit.

Answer 429

Ca++ attaches to troponin and causes it to change shape. This change in shape causes a change in the shape of tropomyosin that results in a conformational change in the actin filament. Thus, Ca++ clears the myosin binding sites on the actin and creat cross-bridges to form.

Answer 430

Hormones include steroids such as testosterone and progesterone, as well as peptides such as insulin. Binding of hormones can cause a cascade to occur that can activate biochemical pathways. Steroid receptors occur within the cell, for example, they may bind directly to the receptors in the nucleus. Insulin, however binds to its receptor that is on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.

Answer 431

Insulin is derived from prepoinsulin and pro-insulin. These precursor molecules undergo hydrolysis reactions that modify them into the active insulin. Specific protease enzymes cleave two peptide bonds that allow mature insulin to form.

Answer 432

Enterogastrone is released by the duodenum to inhibit peristalsis and acid secretion by the stomach. Cholecytokinin causes the gall bladder to contract; but is also made in the duodenum. Secretin signals the pancreas to release bicarbonate (a buffer) which can neutralize the acidic chyme. Secretin is also made by the duodenum.

Answer 433

(2NADP+)+(ADP)+(Pi)+(2H2O) ---> (O2)+(2NADPH)+(2H+)+(ATP)

Answer 434

A cytotoxic T cell (Killer T Cell) will kill the body's own cells that have been infected by a bacteria or virus. Scientist are researching the utilization of Killer T Cells in the treatment of certain cancers. Remember, this cell will bind to an antigen-infected cell, release perforin and will cause the plasma membrane to become perforated. Helper T-cells are the specific target for the virus that causes AIDS (HIV).

Answer 435

G1, Organelles such as the Mitochondria are produced in this phase.

Answer 436

Electrophoresis in the presence of detergent called SDS will separate proteins on the basis of mass. The smaller polypeptides will migrate the fastest to the bottom. The high molecular-weighted proteins will appear at top. After Electrophoresis, the proteins can be seen when a dye such as Coomasie Blue is added. The dye binds to proteins and the proteins appear as bands. If a protein has more than one subunit, the subunits are usually separated resulting in a separate band.

Answer 437

Most Euglena live in fresh water. Many specie are plant-like since chloroplasts are present and they can carry out photosynthesis. However, they lack a cell wall and are highly motile, thus can be said to be animal-like as well.

Answer 438

A PARAMECIUM relies on contractile vacuoles to rid the cell of excess water.

Answer 439

A planaria is a flat worm can contains both male and female reproductive structures. The planaria excretory system is composed of a network of tubular excretory canals that open to the outside of the body, and contain flame cells that are involved in fluid excretion.

Answer 440

A Hydra is a multicellular organism that contains tentacles with specialized stinging cells cells called nematocysts.

Answer 441

Angiosperms are the most diverse type of plants, and have dominated the land for over 100 million years. Seeds are resistant to adverse conditions such as hot or cold. It is believed that the angiosperms eveolved from a now extinct group of gymnosperms. *Evolutionary Path: Bryphytes>Gymnosperms>Angiosperms

Answer 442

The black bread mold Rhizopus Stolonifer is a spoiler of baked goods. Despite the addition of food preservatives, black bread mold is still a major problem with processed food. Rhizopus is an obligate parasite; it depends on its host for its survival.

Answer 443

Candida Albicans is involved in infections of mucous membranes.

Answer 444

It is involved in fermenting sugars into alcohols

Answer 445

Sporangia represent the spore-producing and spore-containing reproductive structures of ferns, angiosperms, gynosperms, algae, fungi, and byrophytes. New Swimming spores are release from sporangia.

Answer 446

Parthenogenesis is when new individuals are produced without fertilization. Male honey bees are an example.

Answer 447

Arteries carry high pressure blood from the heart to arterioles. Arteries have the strongest and thickest walls comprised of three layers (tunics) ... Endothelial lining, middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue, and an outer layer of connective tissue.

Answer 448

In punctuated evolution, evolution is concentrated in very rapid events of creating a new species.

Answer 449

Rain shadows can be seen in areas such as the desert. The Gobi Desert of Mongolia as well as the Mojave Desert are examples. A rain shadow represents a reduction in rainfall on the leeward side of a high mountain. The leeward side is the side not facing the wind. Rain Shadows may also occur in the high mountains of Europe and even the Andes of South America.

Answer 450

Histamine is a vasodilator contained in basophils and mast cells. Macrophages produce a cytokine called Interlukin-1 while helper T cells produce Interlukin-2. Interlukins can activate cytotoxic cells, B Cells, and other helper T cells. Helper T Cells mobilize both humoral and cell-mediated branches of the immune system.

Answer 451

Gymnosperms include spruce, pine, and fir trees.

Answer 452

Angiosperms include: fruits, flowering plants, maple, oaks, and grass.

Answer 453

Monocots generally have parallel veins, while dicots have leaves with net-like veins. Land plants exhibit an alternation of generation in which the gametophyte (haploid multi-celled stage) alternates with a diploid multi-celled stage, the sporophyte.

Answer 454

A Locus (plural, loci) is a genes specific location along a length of chromosome.

Answer 455

Bacteria are prokaryotes that reproduce by binary fission. Most bacteria have a single circular chromosome that is replicated; many species also have plasmids. Surface appendages called pili (singular: pilus) allow bacteria to adhere to one another or even to a mucous membrane. For example, Neisseria gonorrhea uses pili to attach to mucous membranes of its host. Some pili hold the bacteria together to allow DNA transfer during conjugation.

Answer 456

It can develop into the mouth or anus called a blastopore.

Answer 457

Temperature strongly affects lakes and ponds in north temperate areas. During the summer, warm water is at the surface and is well aerated because of oxygen production by plants and mixing by the wind. The bottom layer will be high in nutrients. In the spring and autumn, oxygenated water from the surface goes to the bottom and nutrients from the bottom to the top. This process is known as a turnover, and is vital for the survival and growth of organisms at all levels.

Answer 458

Somatostatin suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones such as: gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin. This suppression will decrease the rate of gastric emptying along with reducing blood flow within the intestines.

Answer 459

The menstrual cycle consists of 3 phases: menstrual flow, proliferative, and secretory. It will begin with the disintegration of the endometrium (inner uterine lining). The endometrium thickens in response to estrogen levels during the proliferative phase and vascularization occurs. In the Secretory phase, the endometrium continues to thicken, enlarge, and glands grow in response to progesterone and estrogen. If pregnancy occurs, estrogen and progesterone levels remain high to prevent endometrial disintegration.

Answer 460

Plants produce gametes within structures called gametangia.

Answer 461

eggs, the eggs are fertilized in this female gametangia.

Answer 462

The male gametangia are found in the antheridia and represent the sperm-producing structures. Motile sperm swim from the antheridia to the archegonia for fertilization.

Answer 463

The two main branches of the immune system include the humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. Humoral immunity acts against pathogens such as free viruses and bacteria and is based on the circulation of antibodies. Cell-mediated immunity works against pathogens that have entered body cells by use of T cells.

Answer 464

Because of Diapedesis, white blood cells become part of the interstitial fluid. White blood cells slip through the tiny endothelial pores that widen in response to the presence of "injury-producing" chemicals during an infection or traumatic injury. Neutrophils, leukocytes, and cytokines are the cells primarily involved in diapedesis, with the neutrophils the first cell type to arrive. Chemicals such as prostaglandins and histamine are released by the injured tissue cells; this causes vasodilation and an increase in capillary permeability. An increase in blood flow occurs well, allowing the white blood cells to consume the pathogens.

Answer 465

Detritivores include earthworms, slugs, millipedes, woodlice, and crabs. These organisms consume dead or decaying matter (detritus). Essentially, these organisms are decomposers.

Answer 466

Because agglutination occurs or clumping of the red blood cells.

Answer 467

South of the tundra lies the coniferous forest or taiga. The vegetation is dominated by spruce, fir, and pine trees. The climate is characterized by cool summers and cold winters. The temperate deciduous forest has large trees such as seen in North Carolina, while the chaparral is dominated by dense, spiny shrubs. IF you recall the California scrubland that has had fires, you are in chaparral.

Answer 468

If more than two forms of alleles exist for a gene locus, its is called a multiple allele system. For example four blood types are possible A, B, AB, and O. Therefore, the ABO blood groups exemplify multiple alleles.

Answer 469

During centrifugation, large organelles such as nuclei can be sedimented at forces of 1000 times the force of gravity; lighter organelles such as the mitochondria remain in the supernatent. Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus, while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis and drug detoxification.

Answer 470

Desmosomes occur within all types of animal tissues. They are especially abundant in the skin and randomly arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes. Desmosomes allow cells to become joined into strong epithelial sheets.

Answer 471

Upon stressing a bone, bone forming cells called osteoblasts deposit collagen and release calcium phosphate to strengthen the bone. The mineral hydroxyapetite is produced.

Answer 472

Edward syndrome is a trisomy of chromosome 18.

Answer 473

Down syndrome is a trisomy of chromosome 21.

Answer 474

Klinefelter syndrome is a trisomy of the sex chromosomes.

Answer 475

Turner syndrome is a monosome having only XO.

Answer 476

Human autosomes and sex chromosomes can be precisely examined at metaphase, that is when they are the most condensed. Karyotyping allows for a very accurate diagnostic tool for congential disorders such as Down Syndrome.

Answer 477

False. Hormones can be steroidal or nonsteroidal derived. Nonsteroid hormones are make up of amino acids (H2O Soluble), while steroid hormones (lipid soluble) are derived from cholesterol. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are hormones that are nonsteroidal.

Answer 478

A lumen is a space inside a tube.

Answer 479

A ring of specialized muscles.

Answer 480

The submucosa is a connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels along with nerve plexuses.

Answer 481

Golgi bodies, Endoplasmic Reticulum, nucleus, and lysosomes

Answer 482

Ribosomes, Nucleic Acids, plasma membrane, and nuclear region called the nucleoid.

Answer 483

Salivary Amylase and Pancreatic Amylase. (The pancreas also makes Proteases and Lipases)

Answer 484

Angiosperms are the flowering plants: they are divided into monocots (narrow leaves, such as grass) and dicots (broad leaves e.g. shrubs). The undifferentiated cambium tissue develops into phloem and xylem (vascular tissue). Xylem transports H2O and minerals up the stem, while phloem: transports nutrients down the stem. Plants lacking vascular tissue are called non-tracheophytes: these include simple plants. Gymnosperms do not have flowers i.e. Red Wood, Pine, Juniper Tree ( A fruit is the ripened ovary of a flower )

Answer 485

Stomata control gas exchange by opening and closing. The chloroplast contains an inner and an outer membrane. The inner membrane contains a fluid called Stroma. A series of stacked discs are present. Each disk is a thylakoid, which contains the photosynthetic pigment. Meristem is found in higher plants and represents undifferentiated cell types. The apical meristem contains cells that produce branches and flowers.

Answer 486

A nucleoside consist of sugar and a base i.e. adenosine which makes ATP, consists of adenine (N-base) and ribose sugar. If we have sugar, base, and a phosphate group, we have a nucleotide.

Answer 487

Kinases transfer phosphoryl groups. Example: Hexokinase is an enzyme. A phosphatase group will catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of a phosphate ester bond. A Lyase catalyzes the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N bonds by elimination; a double bond is formed. A dehydrogenase is involved in an oxidation-reduction reaction.

Answer 488

Allosteric means it has more than one binding site. Hemoglobin is an example. It can bind to O2, CO2, CO, and H+. A low pH causes Hb to unload O2, and does a high CO2 level. Hb is a tetramer consisting of two alpha chains and two beta chains. The arrangement of the two alpha and two beta chains give hemoglobin its quaternary structure. Hb binds to CO much tighter than O2. The non-protein portion (prosthetic group) is called heme.

Answer 489

Fat Storage

Answer 490

Red bone marrow functions in the production of red blood cells, certain white blood cells, and platelets (thrombocytes). If a blood cell supply is low, it is possible that yellow bone marrow changes into red bone marrow. Platelets arise from large, multinucleated cells in the red bone marrow called Megakaryocytes.

Answer 491

Gibberellins are plant hormones that may induce certain plants to flower as well as allow stem elongation.

Answer 492

It stimulates fruit ripening.

Answer 493

Abscisic Acid is an inhibitor of plant growth hormones.

Answer 494

Cytokinins are plant hormones involved with promoting cell division.

Answer 495

Microbodies or peroxisomes convert H2O2 into H2O + O2.

Answer 496

The reverse of glycolysis. In Gluconeogenesis, non-carbohydrates such as fat and amino acids are made into glucose. This occurs mainly in the cytosol.

Answer 497

Centrioles are found only in animal cells and are involved in cell division.

Answer 498

Sister chromatid separation.

Answer 499

The nucleolus

Answer 500

Cytokinesis, which can occur in late Anaphase or Early Telophase.

Answer 501

Chromatids shorten and thicken, nucleoli disappears, spindle fibers form, and centrioles in animal cells move to the opposite ends.

Answer 502

Microbiota refers to those microbes that live in and on certain area of the human body normally and are not harmful. They are beneficial. The relationship between humans and their gut bacteria is considered to be mutualistic as both benefits. The benefit to the human includes the production of vitamin K, B12, B1 by the gut flora.

Answer 503

Controls metabolism, growth, reproduction, and temperature

Answer 504

They are chemical messengers used in the endocrine system.

Answer 505

Steroidal: estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone | Non-steroidal: peptide hormones (all the others)

Answer 506

Testes, ovaries, adrenal glands.

Answer 507

They are hormones that affect the endocrine glandes.

Answer 508

Produce hormones, which travel through the blood stream to the target organs and have a specific effect on them.

Answer 509

Produces various hormones, which affect the pituitary gland.

Answer 510

a. Growth hormone b. ACTH c. TSH d. FSH e. LH f. Oxytocin g. ADH

Answer 511

LH and FSH

Answer 512

Oxytocin and ADH | Oxytocin induces uterine contractions

Answer 513

Raises blood pressure and makes the kidneys conserve water. It is a peptide hormone.

Answer 514

It produces melatonin, which regulates sleep and influences biological clock.

Answer 515

Thyroxin = influences metabolism.

Answer 516

Parathyroid hormone which increases blood Calcium.

Answer 517

a. Cortisol: regulates blood pressure b. Aldosterone: regulates sodium and potassium balance in the blood c. Epinephrine: adrenaline d. Norepinephrine: fight or flight response to stress and acetylcholine.

Answer 518

Insulin and glucagon for glucose metabolism

Answer 519

Estrogen: regulates the menstrual cycle and reproductive system

Answer 520

Testosterone: promotes tissue growth and regulates the reproductive system.

Answer 521

DNA-nucleosome-30 nm fiber-chromosome

Answer 522

Osteoclasts

Answer 523

Pyloric valve

Answer 524

Assembles nucleotides into DNA

Answer 525

The initial step is the splitting of the two strands. Each strand will then serve as a template for the synthesis of a complimentary (non-identical) new strand. Where there is G in the old strand there will be a C in the new strand). The enzyme responsible for this process is DNA polymerase.

Answer 526

The smaller molecules move towards the positive electrode faster than the larger ones.

Answer 527

The thyroid gland requires iodine in order to produce thyroid hormones.

Answer 528

A virus carries DNA from one bacterium to another

Answer 529

Nutrient poor soil

Answer 530

Alveolus: are air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles where gas exchange takes place.

Answer 531

Produces the reproductive hormone oxytocin and controls body temperature.

Answer 532

Viruses because they lack biochemical machinery needed to support life.

Answer 533

Phagocytosis is the mechanism by which wbc and other cells engulf things.

Answer 534

Each strand is a template for a new strand. In DNA replication each old strand acts as a template for the formation of a new strand and the new molecule contains one old strand and one new strand. The new strand is conserved.

Answer 535

Pulmonary Artery

Answer 536

A symbiosis between a fungus and an algae

Answer 537

Increases genetic variability in a population

Answer 538

The levels of CO2 in the blood

Answer 539

Neurotransmitter

Answer 540

0%. They are homozygous AA and BB in gynotype

Answer 541

A single amino acid

Answer 542

Breaking pyruvate down into carbon dioxide

Answer 543

Artery, arteriole, capillary, venules, vein

Answer 544

The concentration gradient of the materials

Answer 545

Germ cells in order to produce gametes (sperm and egg)

Answer 546

Trichinella

Answer 547

Blue green algae are prokaryotes from the kingdom monera. Blue-green algae are also called cyanobacteria. As with other prokaryotes, reproduction is asexual by binary fission. In a lichen, cyanobacteria provides organic nutrients for the fungus, thus they live symbiotically (the fungus offers protection) together.

Answer 548

Peripheral proteins are usually bound to the charged polar head group of the bilayer. Mild Treatment with salts for example can remove them. It is more difficult to remove the integral proteins. Detergents, organic solvents, and ultrasonic vibrations are needed for their removal. Hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions allow peripheral proteins to be associated with the membrane. Integral membrane proteins are held in the membrane by hydrophobic interactions with the lipids.

Answer 549

Peptidoglycan is composed of polysaccharide and polypeptide chains. Gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and appear purple after Gram staining. The thin layer of peptidoglycan layer of bacteria causes most of the Gram stain to be washed off.

Answer 550

Blue-Green Algae are the Cyanobacteria and have cell walls.

Answer 551

Teichoic Acids are used as recognition and binding sites by bacterial viruses that cause infections. These acids are in Gram Positive bacteria and covalently attach to the peptidoglycan layer.

Answer 552

Myelien is made by Schwann Cells. Myelin acts as an electrical insulator; it increases the rate in which the axon can translate signals.

Answer 553

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

Answer 554

The inner ear contains the semicircular canals responsible for balance and the snail-like structure called the cochlea, where sound waves in the air are converted into neural messages.

Answer 555

HGH, LH, FSH, TSH, Prolactin

Answer 556

They are stored in the pituitary gland, BUT THEY ARE MADE IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS.

Answer 557

Aldosterone and Cortisol.

Answer 558

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

Answer 559

Glucagon and cortisol.

Answer 560

It is involved in Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the kidneys' collecting duct, as well as a rise in blood pressure and blood volume.

Answer 561

- Eukaryotic Heterotrophs - They secrete digestive enzymes and then absorb the products of digestion - Composed of filaments called hyphae: collectively the hyphae are called mycelium - Can reproduce sexually or asexually - Haploid state predominates, but they do alternate between haploid and diploid stages - Saprophytic, they breakdown the remains of living organisms that have died - Immotile and have cell walls - A Fungus not only attacks dead matter, but may attack living tissue such as in Athletes foot - More similar to human cells than bacterial.

Answer 562

The physical environment in which an organism lives.

Answer 563

Is the role that an organism plays in its natural community, the way it eats, lives, and reproduces.

Answer 564

The interacting of different species

Answer 565

A group of individuals of the same species that interbreed while occupying a given area at a given time.

Answer 566

Biomes include: Tundra ( dominated by moss, lichen, low-growing shrubs, cold winters, and short growing season. ) , Taiga ( a coniferous forest with spruce, fir, pine trees), tropical rainforests, savanna, deserts, grassland, and temperate deciduous forests

Answer 567

One organism benefits while the other is harmed

Answer 568

both organism benefit

Answer 569

One benefits without affecting the other

Answer 570

decomposers that get their energy from dead organisms or decaying matter.

Answer 571

Arthropods make up the largest animal phylum. Spiders, insects, crabs, lobsters are here. They have jointed legs, exoskeletons, and open circulatory systems, bilateral symmetry.

Answer 572

Insects have a head, thorax, and abdomen. The spiracles and tracheal tubes compose the respiratory system.

Answer 573

They have true coeloms (body cavity), closed circulatory systems, and include earthworms. Nephridia (excretory structures) and ganglia (cluster of nerve cell bodies) are present.

Answer 574

The Gastrula

Answer 575

hair, teeth, skin, nervous sytem, lens of the eye

Answer 576

Lining of the bladder, digestive and respiratory tracts, liver, pancreas, gall bladder

Answer 577

Skeleton, muscles, gonads, kidney, and circulatory system

Answer 578

Herbivores (Shrimp)

Answer 579

Carnivores (mud Crab)

Answer 580

Top Carnivores (striped Bass)

Answer 581

secrete pepsinogen

Answer 582

secrete HCL, intrinsic factor (vitamin B12 Absorption)

Answer 583

Secrete the hormone gastrin which stimulate HCl production of parietal cells.

Answer 584

Secrete mucous that lubricates the stomach and protects the stomach from the HCl produced

Answer 585

Teeth, which are derived from the ECTODERM

Answer 586

From the phylum Echinodermata, radial symmetry.

Answer 587

Coelenterates, Radially symmetrical, have single opening: a mouth used for digestive purposes. Coelenterates are carnivores: they have tentacles to capture prey. These tentacles have nematocysts which are stinging cells.

Answer 588

Collagen is a fibrous protein that makes up bone and connective tissue. Collagen is the most abundant protein in vertebrates.

Answer 589

Bleeding Gums as in Scurvy

Answer 590

They do not carry out mitosis. They secrete collagen. They build bone.

Answer 591

They do not carry out mitosis. The breakdown bone. PTH (parathyroid hormone) stimulates osteoclastic activity, while Calcitonin tones down blood calcium level by decreasing Osteoclastic activity.

Answer 592

Single nucleus, has striations as well as complex junctions between adjacent individual cells called Intercalated discs, it is involuntary.

Answer 593

Multinucleated, voluntary and striated, Normally does not undergo mitosis, contains thick myosin protein filaments that slide past the thin actin protein filaments.

Answer 594

Single nucleated, found in the walls of the urinary bladder, digestive system, uterus, blood vessels, involuntary, nonstriated, actin and myosin are present, but not organized into sarcomeres like seen in skeletal muscle.

Answer 595

- Increase blood glucose - Increase heart rate, respiratory rate - Increase rate of glycogenolysis - will constrict blood vessels to decrease blood supply to the digestive tract and kidneys - Dilation of pupils - Increase blood flow to the brain and blood pressure.

Answer 596

A sperm-proof fertilization membrane is formed when the cortical granules in the egg fuse with the plasma membrane. As enzymes are releasedm, biochemical reactions harden the vitelline layer and allow no further sperm from entering. This cortical reaction is referred to as "slow block to polyspermy". The acrosomal reaction is the fast block, in which an electrical response occurs to change the membrane potential to prevent polyspermy.

Answer 597

- Is polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen. - Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars.

Answer 598

- A ketone and an aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties, as is the case for acetone and propanol. - The two groups are also in sugars, giving rise to two major groups of sugars: aldoses (aldehyde-containing) & ketoses (ketone-containing)

Answer 599

- Has acidic properties (is a source of hydrogen ions) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar. - Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1 - and called a carboxylate ion (here, specifically the acetate ion).

Answer 600

- Acts as a bse; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water in living organisms) - Ionized, with a charge of 1+, under cellular conditions.

Answer 601

- Two Sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond. This "cross-linking" helps stabilize protein structure. - Cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins maintains curliness or straightness of hair. Straight hair can be "permanently" curled by shaping it around curlers, then breaking and reforming the cross-linking bonds.

Answer 602

- Contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part (2- when at the end of a molecule and 1- when located internally in a chain of phosphates). - Has the potential to react with water, releasing energy.

Answer 603

- Addition of a methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects the expression of genes. - Arrangement of the methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function.

Answer 604

Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formulas but different structures and properties.

Answer 605

geometric isomers structural isomers enantiomers

Answer 606

The diagram shows ATP reacting with water to produce ADP and energy.

Answer 607

A locomotion organelle present in some animal cells; composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane.

Answer 608

A network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic processes; has rough and smooth regions.

Answer 609

It reinforces the cell's shape, functions in cell movement; components are made of protein. Includes: - Microfilaments - Intermediate filaments - Microtubules

Answer 610

Projections that increase a cell's surface area.

Answer 611

An organelle with specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product; then converts it to water.

Answer 612

A double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores, continuous with ER.

Answer 613

A structure involved in the production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli.

Answer 614

Material consisting of DNA and protains; visible as individual chromosomes in a dividing cell.

Answer 615

membrane enclosing the cell

Answer 616

Organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated

Answer 617

A digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed.

Answer 618

Complexes (small brown dots) that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope.

Answer 619

Plant Cell Organelle, which is prominent in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macro molecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth.

Answer 620

The outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, nd proteins.

Answer 621

Photosynthetic organelle, converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules.

Answer 622

Microtubules (Tubulin Polymers) consist of tubulin, a dimer consisting or alpha-tubulin and beta- tubulin. It functions in maintaining cell's shape, cell motility (cilia/flagella), chromosome movement (cell division), organelle movements.

Answer 623

Microfilaments (Actin Filaments) consist of Actin. They function to maintain cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility (pseudopodia), cell division (cleavage furrow formation).

Answer 624

Intermediate Filaments are fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables. They consist of one of the several different proteins of the keratin family, depending on the cell type. They function in the maintenance of cell shape, anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles, and the formation of nuclear lamina.

Answer 625

The "sliding" of myosin and actin filaments past each other so that they meet in the middle. This shortens the muscle cell. Muscle contraction involves the shortening of many muscle cells at the same time.

Answer 626

Interaction of actin filaments with myosin near the cell's trailing end squeezes the interior, more fluid cytoplasm into the pseudopodium.

Answer 627

A layer of cytoplasm cycles around the cell, moving over a carpet of parallel actin filaments. Myosin motors attached to organelles in the fluid cytosol may drive the streaming by interacting with the actin.

Answer 628

At tight junctions, the plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound together by specific proteins. Forming continuous seals around the cells, tight junctions prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells. For example, tight junctions between skin cells make us watertight by preventing leakage between cells in our sweat glands.

Answer 629

Desmosomes (also called anchoring junctions) function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets. Intermediate filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm. Desmosomes attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle. Some "muscle tears" involve the rupture of desmosomes.

Answer 630

Gap Junctions (also called communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell and in this way are similar in their function to plasmodesmata in plants. Gap Junctions consist of membrane proteins that surround a pore through which ions, sugars, amino acids, and other small molecules may pass. Gap Junctions are necessary for communication between cells in many types of tissues, including heart muscle, and in animal embryos.

Answer 631

The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, stores Ca2+, and detoxifies drugs and poisons.

Answer 632

The Rough endoplasmic Reticulum aids in the synthesis of secretory proteins and other proteins from bound ribosomes; adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins, and produces new membrane.

Answer 633

The Golgi Apparatus Modifies proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids; synthesis of many polysaccharides; sorting of Golgi products, which are then released in vesicles.

Answer 634

Phagocytic White Blood Cells (such as Neutrophils)

Answer 635

Plasmodesmata

Answer 636

4 ATP made.. 2 Used in the Investment phase 2 Net ATP Remain 2 NADH are also produced

Answer 637

Matrix of the Mitochondria

Answer 638

Chlorophyll A

Answer 639

Photosynthesis

Answer 640

Photosynthesis

Answer 641

Chlorophyll a, Photosystem 2

Answer 642

Photosystem 1

Answer 643

On dry, hot days to conserve water

Answer 644

Photorespiration

Answer 645

G2 Phase of Interphase

Answer 646

G2 Phase of Interphase

Answer 647

G2 Phase of Interphase

Answer 648

G2 Phase of Interphase

Answer 649

Prometaphase

Answer 650

Prometaphase

Answer 651

Prometaphase

Answer 652

Prometaphase

Answer 653

Prometaphase

Answer 654

Prometaphase

Answer 655

Cytokinesis

Answer 656

Cytokinesis

Answer 657

Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during mitosis. In animals, gametes have one set of chromosomes and somatic cells have two.

Biology Flashcards

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