Biology Flashcards
(153 cards)
0
Q
What is absorbed in the stomach ?
Alcohol amino acids monosaccharides or small fatty acids
A
Alcohol
1
Q
Marian syndrome is an inherited disorder with a deleterious effect on the connective protein fibrillin. What are common symptoms ?
A
Heart defects
Loose joints
Nearsightedness
2
Q
Chemosynthetic bacteria oxidize what element to harvest the energy to make glucose ?
A
Sulfur
3
Q
The 5 types of immunoglobulins are secreted from which type of cell?
A
Differentiated b lymphocytes
4
Q
Compared to inhaled air , the partial pressure of co2 in the pulmonary capillaries is ?
A
Greater
Co2 diffuses out and oxygen diffuses into the blood
5
Q
A patient with renal failure has nephrons which lack the ability to actively secrete or reabsorbed any substances. What can they still perform ?
A
Removal of salt from blood
6
Q
If o18 labelled glucose is given to a human , where will the label first appear ?
A
Exhaled co2
7
Q
What is not reabsorbed from the tubules of the nephron ?
Water glucose amino acids proteins
A
Proteins. They aren’t filtered through in the first place
8
Q
If a patient with high blood glucose levels (diabetic ) accidentally took an overdose of insulin , what would most likely occur ?
A
Convulsions due to decreases blood glucose concentration
9
Q
In the kidneys the osmolarity gradient between the interstitial fluid and the fluid in the nephron is greatest at ?
A
Descending loop
10
Q
Fossils that are impressions left by an organism are known as
A
Imprints
11
Q
Form hollow spaces of rocks as the organism decays
A
Molds
12
Q
Formed by minerals deposited in Molds
A
Casts
13
Q
Minerals replace an organisms cells
A
Petrification
14
Q
What are used by plants to absorb copper and other minerals
A
Epidermis
15
Q
Where does the food go when the tongue pushes it back to be swallowed ?
A
Pharynx
16
Q
What is the function of dendrites ?
A
Increase surface area
17
Q
The site of glycogenesis ?
A
Liver
18
Q
What are found only in prokaryote ?
A
Pilli. They are used to move DNA from cell to cell in conjugation
19
Q
Nitrogen from the atmosphere to ammonia ?
A
Nitrogen fixation
20
Q
Allergies are caused by ?
A
An over reaction to harmless materials such as pollen of milk
21
Q
The mechanism which muscles can male an appendage in two different directions involves ?
A
Opposing muscles
22
Q
A mushroom is a ___ structure of a fungus ?
A
Reproductive
23
Q
A natural defence for fungal infections is ?
A
Sebaceous glands
24
How many layers of phospholipid is in the cell membrane ?
2
25
What are microfilaments made out of ?
Actin
26
Euglena and trichiphyton. What are they ?
Protozoan
| Fungi
27
What wouldn't be found in a human cell ?
Plasmid
28
Removal of the thymus would affect ?
The immune response
29
Study of fungi?
Mycology
30
Limnology?
the scientific study of bodies of fresh water, as lakes and ponds, with reference to their physical, geographical, biological, and other features.
31
What types of infections would best be treated by penicillins ?
Gram positive
32
What controls the growth of bone ?
Pituitary gland
33
In the light reaction?
H20 is broken down and ATP is produced
34
Steroid hormones are produced by the ?
Reproductive organs and adrenal glands
35
The parents of a hemophiliac female must be ?
A carrier mother and a hemophiliac father
36
The disease Reye's syndrome is linked with the use of
Aspirin
37
The binding of ubiquitin triggers ?
Proteosomal degradation of protein
38
In bacteria the electron transport chain is ?
On the cell membrane
39
Where will you find unmyelinated neurons ?
Grey matter
40
A deficiency in folate leads to?
Anemia
41
This disease can be inherited as two mutations leading to an enzyme defect which causes the buildup of lipids in the Brian
Tay Sachs
42
A man has XXY will have ?
Kleinfters
43
Clostridium botulinum can grow in sediments on lake bottoms if ?
Oxygen is absent
44
Where bacteria concert ammonia to nitrate
Nitrification
45
Do viruses have ribosomes ?
No
46
Primary function of bacteria in ecosystems ?
Decomposes
47
Salmonella ?
Bacterium associated with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract
48
Movement of potassium and sodium across cell membranes by the sodium potassium pump is a type of ___ transport
Active
49
Small circular piece of DNA which has a limited number of genes and replicates independently of the chromosome
Plasmid
50
In the dark of photosynthesis ?
Co2 is fixed
51
Thermoreceptors and touch receptors are found in ?
Dermis
52
With regard to the hindbrain midbrain and forebrain what happens to these structures when fish evolve into mammals ?
Forebrain larger , midbrain and hindbrain smaller
53
Electron transport takes places in this organelle
Chloroplast
54
Correct G protein coupled receptor sequence of events ?
Protein binds to receptor - activated G protein - activates as emulate Cyclase - converts ATP to camp
55
What would be impacted by both rabies and meningitis
Central nervous system. Meningitis affects the lining of the brain and rabies does damage to the brain after travelling through the spinal cord
56
When an action potential is generated in a neuron , what leaks out and what comes in ?
Na comes in
| K leaks out
57
When an organism alternates between a free living gametophyte and a free living sporophyte or haploid and diploid forms this is known as ?
Alternation of generations
58
Lack of flat bones of the skull and most of the brain
Anencephaly
59
Removal of water and other waste products ?
Modifies substances by adding carbohydrates , modifies protein for transport , packages substances within vesicles for excretion
Vacuoles
Golgi apparatus
60
I'm what phase would the growth curve of bacteria have the most growth ?
Log
61
What is formed during translation
Polypeptides / proteins
62
What are each of these caused by:
Anthrax
Chicken pox
Candidiasis
Sleeping sickness
Bacteria
Virus
Fungus
Protozoan
63
Function of Grinding or mechanical breakdown of food in worms and animals
Gizzard
64
Too many chromosomes
Too few chromosomes
Polyploidy
| Aneuploidy
65
A B and O are different __
Alleles on chromosome 9 for the ABO antigens
66
How do fungi eat and digest food ?
Externally while they grow on it. Secreting enzymes to break it down
67
When you have a parasitic worm infecting you , these release toxins to harm or destroy them
Eosinophils
68
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Which are anabolism and which are catabolism ?
Light reaction
Dark reaction
Nitrogen fixation
Kreb cycle
```
Kreb cycle is catabolism. Rest are anabolism
69
Bacteria are the only group having different members belonging to these two taxonomical units
Kingdom and domain
70
Best option for curing Tay Sachs disease ?
Inserting a new gene
71
What cell lines the intestinal tracts of the villi and in the gastric pits ?
Goblet cells
72
If the father is colour blind and the mother is a carrier for the colour blind gene ? What element of their offspring will be colour blind ?
50 percent
73
Monocots vs dicots ?
Grasses vs shrubs and trees
74
During early pregnancy , if HCG is not present what happens ?
Pregnancy fails past the 4th month / 16 weeks
75
What is x linked inheritance and what is not ?
Sickle cell anemia
Red green colour blindness
Albinism
Colour blindness only
76
What regulates blood pressure ?
Thyroxin or aldosterone
Aldosterone
77
What types of muscle are striated ?
Skeletal and cardiac
78
Symbiosis ?
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
Two organisms living together in a relationship
Harms one/ helps the other
Helps both
Helps one but not the other (no effect)
79
A ____ infection will most likely lead to transformation (conversion to malignancy or cancer ).
Permissive , cytolytic and productive will most likely lead to ?
Persistent
Kill the infected cell
80
Creation of cavities by separating out existing cells
Schizogeny
81
Specialized epithelial cell in the mucous membrane lining of the small intestine at the base of tubelike depressions called liberkuhn glands . They secrete peptidase: breaks peptide molecules into amino acids
Paneth cell
82
Primarily stimulates the consumption of oxygen and thus the metabolism. Of all cells and tissues in the body. Formed with iodine to tyrosine
Thyroxine from thyroid gland
83
Centromere vs centrioles
Joins paired chromosomes
At corners of the cell where spindles come out and attach to the centromeres
84
Giardia, a flagellated protozoan( and other parasitic protozoans) survive difficult conditions inside the stomach and out by ?
Making a cyst
85
Where does peristalsis start?
Esophagus
86
Where are steroid hormones produced ?
Reproductive glands and renal glands
87
What does cocaine do to the body?
Blocks reabsorption of norepinephrine giving a rush of pleasure
88
Why siblings share some traits but not others ?
Independent assortment of genetic traits that are different chromosomes
89
Gene movement within a chromosome occurs due to ?
Transposons
90
An infection acquired because of being in the hospital ?
Nosocomial infection
91
Clostridium?
Anaerobic
| Causes tetanus and botulism
92
What phosphorylates glucose ?
Hexokinase
93
Viruses use this to attach to host cells
Protein. Viruses use them in their capsid or spike proteins in their envelope to attach to host cells they are going to infect
94
```
What is not part of the digestive tract
Larynx
Colon
Pancreas
Esophagus
```
Larynx
95
Function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase(or any enzyme )
Lower reaction energy
96
Mycorrhizae have the same function as ?
Hair roots. Increase the surface area for absorption
97
Can a lichen fungal partner live independently of the photosynthetic partner ?(algae or Cyanobacteria)
No
98
RNA viruses that use the enzyme reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from it's RNA genome
Retroviruses
99
Pertussis ?
Another name for whooping cough. Bacterial infection of the lining of the lungs
100
Phenylketonuria?
Lack an enzyme to metabolize phenyl alanine which leads to a harmful buildup
101
```
Which do not produce peptide or protein hormones
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Parathyroid gland
Reproductive gland
Adrenal gland
```
Reproductive and adrenal
102
Infectious diseases being spread between animals and humans
Zoonotic
103
" not being delivered via the intestinal tract "
Parenteral
104
The presence of one or more additional disorders occurring with a primary disease or disorder
Comorbidity
105
Speciation by geographic isolation
Allotropic speciation
106
Tiny opening or pore used for gas exchange. Under surface of plant leaves
Stomata
107
Most common cause illnesses of respiratory systems
Adenovirus
108
Not enough vitamin b12?
Vitamin b12 anemia
109
Cause the infection of the scalp known as tinea capitis?
Trichophyton
| Epidermophyton
110
Many viruses penetrate into cells by ?
Receptor mediated endocytosis. They trick the cell into doing this.
111
If a bat bit you what would you get ?
Rabies. This is a disease of mammals. The most commons ones are bats raccoons and skunks
112
What is the function of tropic hormones
Control the activity of endocrine glands
113
What would kill endospores ?
Auto claving. Achieving sterility
114
Pellagra is a deficiency of ?
Beriberi?
Rickets?
Niacin
Thiamin
Vitamin d
115
```
What does not have mitochondria ?
Plants
Bacteria
Protozoans
Fungi
```
Bacteria
116
What region of the eye contains receptors for sensing light ?
Retina this is the layer of sensory cells
117
Nutrients travel more slowly by diffusion I cartilage than in bone. This is a reason why ?
Cartilage takes a long time to heal
118
In the bloodstream which antibody is in the highest amount ?
IgG
119
Certain fertility drugs work by triggering low levels of estrogen . These low levels cause or allow?
An increase in FSH and LH levels. This leads to ovulation
120
What does not have organelles or membranes
Viruses. They are nucleon acid wrapped in protein
121
A defect in this enzyme would lead to unconnected Okazaki fragments
DNA ligase 1
122
Mushrooms , puffballs and stinkhorns belong to what group or phylum of fungi ?
Basidomycota the "club fungi"
123
In the drug synergy that occurs when using drugs such as penicillin and streptomycin together we see that ?
Each drug amplifies the effect of the other
124
Largest organ in the immune system ?
Spleen
125
What's involved in protecting the brain ?
Pia matter , arachnoid membrane , dura mater
126
Why can cows break down cellulose
Multiple stomachs , microbes in rumen break it down
127
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What would not be found in a vaccine
Toxoids
Antibodies
Live virus
Killed virus
```
Antibodies
| Vaccines are made from antigens / microbes , either live(attenuated) dead or part of one (toxoid)
128
One of the defining characteristics of chordate sis
A hollow dorsal notochord
Segmentation occurs in these , anthropods and Annelids
129
A person is on a 3000 calorie diet and consumes 100 g of fat. What percent of their total calories come from fat.
9cal/gram.
| So 900/3000. = 30 percent
130
A person missing their gut bacteria or microbiots would be deficient in what vitamins ?
B12 , k and B1
131
What phase does DNA replication take place ?
S phase
132
Least to most tightly would of these
DNA
Chromosome
30nm fiber
Nucleosome
DNA nucleosome fiber chromosome
133
DNA polymerase is an enzyme that ?
Assembles nucleotides into DNA
134
Plants that have bacteria living in their roots in a symbiotic relationship are found in
Nutrient poor soil. Normally these are Cyanobacteria that undergo nitrogen fixation
135
Hypothalamus function ?
Produces the reproductive hormone oxytocin and controls body temperature
136
What makes antibodies
Plasma cells that are differentiated b lymphocytes. They produce antibodies and then die
137
Apoptosis is important in ?
Development
138
What does the spleen do
Removes old blood cells
139
B vs t lymphocyte maturation area ?
Bone marrow vs thymus
140
Function of NAD+
Transferring electrons between reactions
141
What enzyme plays a role in the etc
NADH dehydrogenase
142
Pseudopodia?
Used by ameba for moving and eating
143
Increase in immunoglobulin production would be triggered by?
Antigen presentation
144
Most of the energy lost during cellular respiration is lost as
Carbon dioxide, protons or heat?
Heat !
145
Second step in photosynthesis
Calvin cycle
146
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What cell when matured does not have a nucleus
Neutrophil
RBc
Neuron
Adipocytes
```
RBc
147
Where does most of the absorption of water take place
Colon
148
What characteristics do Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease have in common ?
Zoonoses and transmitted by ticks
149
Best drug to treat strept throat (streptococcal pharyngitis)
Ampicillin because it's gram positive
150
How many codons
64
151
Primary function of fungi in ecosystems
Decomposes
152
Using penicillin at the same time as a drug that opens up pores in bacterial cell was will lead to or is an example of ?
Synergy
