Biology 2nd Semester Final Review Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
This step of aerobic respiration produces more ATP than all others combined.
A
Electron Transport Chain
2
Q
This is the equation for cellular respiration.
A
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6H2O + 6 CO2 (plus ATP!)
3
Q
Glycolysis provides the cell with a NET gain of this many ATP.
A
2
4
Q
These are the 5 reactants used by glycolysis in order to make pyruvate.
A
Glucose ATP Inorganic Phosphates NAD+ ADP
5
Q
This is the purpose of lactic acid fermentation.
A
To release NAD+ during low O2 conditions in order to keep glycolysis running.
6
Q
These are the products of cellular respiration.
A
water, carbon dioxide, and ATP
7
Q
These are the reactants of cellular respiration.
A
glucose and oxygen
8
Q
These are the 2 electron carriers of cellular respiration.
A
NAD+ ( NADH) and FAD (FADH2)
9
Q
T or F? Plants AND animals both carry out cellular respiration.
A
TRUE! They both need ATP - All living things do!!
10
Q
Glycolysis occurs in this area of the cell.
A
Cytoplasm
11
Q
This material is used as the original starting material for glycolysis.
A
Glucose
12
Q
These are the 2 types of fermentation
A
Lactic Acid & Alcohol Fermentation
13
Q
What type of respiration is considered to be ANaerobic?
A
Fermentation
14
Q
This gas is produced during alcohol fermentation.
A
CO2
15
Q
This gas is essential for aerobic respiration.
A
oxygen (O2)
16
Q
These are the 4 steps of cellular respiration in order.
A
Glycolysis, Converting Pyruvate, Kreb’s Cycle & ETC
17
Q
Cell division solves the problem of DNA overload because . . .
A
Daughter cells will get their own copy of DNA that can efficiently handle their smaller size.
18
Q
This is what happens to volume and surface area of a cell as it grows.
A
Volume increases at a faster rate than surface area.
19
Q
The process that makes 2 identical daughter cells from one original cell is called this.
A
Cell division - which includes mitosis and cytokinesis
20
Q
Transportation of materials across the cell membrane can become a problem for this size of cell.
A
Large
21
Q
Very large cells do these 3 things.
A
Place a greater demand on DNA.
Use food and O2 more quickly.
Have issues transporting across cell membrane.
22
Q
These are the 4 phases of MITOSIS, in order.
A
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
23
Q
This is the only part of the cell cycle when CHROMOSOMES are visible.
A
Mitosis - other times they are in the form of chromatin and inside a nucleus.
24
Q
This is a series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
A
Cell Cycle
25
This is the stage where a cell's DNA is replicated.
"S" phase of Interphase
26
These are the 3 steps of interphase, in order.
G1, S, G2
27
This is a period of growth & maturity for cells. DNA is also copied during this time.
Interphase
28
This process immediately follows interphase.
Mitosis
29
This phase immediately follows mitosis.
Cytokinesis
30
Have you memorized and do you understand the cell cycle chart on page 245?
Yes? Good for you! : )
No? Get to Work! : (
31
During cytokinesis, plant cells form this structure between 2 new daughter cells.
Cell Plate
32
During cytokinesis, animal cells form this structure between 2 new daughter cells.
Cleavage Furrow
33
This is the amount of chromosomes in daughter cells as compared to the original parent cell.
The amount should be exactly the same.
34
When crossing tall F1 plants, the height of their offspring should be this.
Mostly tall (approx. 75%) but some short (approx. 25%).
35
A true breeding organism can also be called this.
Purebred or homozygous
36
When crossing P generation organisms, the offspring are usually this.
Hybrids or heterozyguous
37
If the offspring of true-breeding tall and short plants are tall, it means this allele is dominant.
Tall
38
This principal states that some alleles are dominant while others are recessive.
The Principle of Dominance
39
What Mendel called "factors" are now called this.
Genes
40
Parents usually only give their child ONE of their paired genes because of this event.
Segregation
41
Mendel determined that an offspring's traits are this.
Inherited from parent through the passing of "factors".
42
This is the % of F2 organisms that are expected to express the dominant allele.
75%
43
True or False? F1 organisms have a different phenotype than either of their parents but have the same genotype as one of their parents.
False - just the opposite. They will look like their dominant parent but will have a different geneotype than either one.
44
This word describes a genotype with 2 identical alleles.
Homozygous
45
Punnett square predict ____________ results but not necessarily ____________ results of a genetic crosses.
probable, actual
46
Can you fill out and analyze the phenotypic and genotypic results of a Punnett square?
Yes? Good for you! : )
No? Get to Work! : (
47
This word describes gametes because they only have ONE set of chromosomes, not two.
Haploid
48
Haploid is abbreviated as ____ while diploid is abbreviated as _____.
n, 2n
49
If an organism diploid number is 30, it's haploid number will be this.
15
50
This process produces haploid gametes.
Meiosis
51
This is the number of SETS of chromosomes found in sex cells (gametes).
ONE set because they are haploid.
52
These are matching chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits. They form tetrads.
Homologous chromosomes or Homologs
53
Have you memorized and do you understand the diagrams on pages 276 & 277?
Yes? Good for you! : )
No? Get to Work! : (
54
Tetrads form between replicated homologs. What is this process called when they swap genes?
Cross-over
55
The purpose of cross-over is this.
Genetic diversity
56
These are the kind of cells produced by meiosis, but not mitosis.
Genetically diverse haploid gametes
57
One viable egg is produced during female meiosis because of this.
Uneven division of the cytoplasm. (Most of it goes to one large egg.)
58
These assort independently during meiosis.
Chromosomes
59
Why doesn't cross-over often occur during mitosis?
Tetrads rarely form during mitosis.
60
This is the shape of a DNA molecule.
Double helix - made of TWO twisted sides.
61
This is the location of the majority of DNA found in eukaryotes.
Nucleus
62
These are the 3 components in a nucleotide.
Phosphate
Sugar (deoxyribose in DNA & ribose in RNA)
Nitrogen base
63
This nitrogen base is found in DNA but not RNA.
Thymine
64
These bonds connect complimentary nucleotides in base pairs.
Hydrogen bonds
65
These nitrogen bases have a single ring shape.
Pyrimidines, such as cytosine, thymine and uracil
66
Base pairing causes equal quantities of these, as noted by Chargaff.
The number of purines = the number of pyrimidines in DNA.
67
What is the process of copying DNA called?
| What enzyme is involved?
DNA Replication
| DNA polymerase
68
During replication, the nucleotides GGATC found in one side of DNA are complimentary to what nucleotides in the other side?
CCTAG
69
______ is the sugar found in RNA while _______ is the sugar found in DNA.
Ribose, Deoxyribose
70
This nitrogen base is found in RNA but not DNA.
Uracil - which is a pyrimidine.
71
Which RNA is used on the chart found on page 303 and how does one read this chart?
It's a codon chart, so you use mRNA. Use the 3 letters of a mRNA codon, begin in the middle & move outward, following the letters.
72
This is where TRANSCRIPTION occurs.
Nucleus - because DNA is there.
73
This is the product of TRANSCRIPTION.
RNA
74
Proteins form when these "fold" up.
Polypeptide chain
75
Protein synthesis makes use of these types of RNA.
mRNa
rRNA
tRNA
76
This causes the end of translation.
Stop codon
77
The process of a ribosome reading mRNA to assemble polypeptide chains is called this.
Translation
78
These are segments of DNA that carry the instructions for building proteins.
Genes
79
These geologist influenced Darwin because they estimated the world to be millions of years old, rather than thousands. They also suggested that the Earth was shaped by natural processes.
Hutton & Lyell
80
A gene pool is this.
All the combined genetic information within a population.
81
Lamarck, incorrectly assumed these 3 things about evolution.
The tendency for complexity & perfection
Use & disuse could cause evolution of an organism.
Traits aquired during one's lifetime could be passed to offspring.
82
Members of a population are all one species, therefore they can do this.
Interbreed
83
This is the ability of an organism to survive an reproduce in it's environment.
Fitness
84
Darwin's theory of evolution depends on these 2 things.
Natural Variation
| Natural Selection
85
The different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands had this.
Common ancestor from South America
86
Natural selection means those individuals that tend to survive have these.
Adaptations best suited for their environment.
87
Relative frequency is calculated by doing this.
Dividing the occurrence of one ALLELE by the total number of alleles for that trait in gene pool.
88
This process produces the most heritable differences in a population.
Gene shuffling
89
These 2 things cause gene shuffling.
Independent assortment of chromosomes
| Cross-over
90
Speciation is this.
The formation of new species from existing ones. The Galapagos finches are good example of this.
91
A type of reproductive isolation in which populations are separated by rivers or mountains is called this.
Geographic isolation
92
This occurs when the TIMING of mating seasons separates populations.
Temporal isolation
93
Genetic drift is this.
RANDOM events causing allele frequencies to change.
94
This type of natural selection means that one end of a range of phenotypes has the advantage over all phenotypes.
Directional selection
95
This is the modern definition of evolution.
The change in allele frequencies within a population over time.
96
These are traits controlled by more than one gene. Natural selection is more complex in this type of trait.
Polygenic traits
97
Purines and pyrimidines have what shapes?
| What are examples of each?
Purine - 2 ring shape - examples: A & G
| Pyrimidine - 1 ring shape - examples: C & T
98
Cellular respiration produces approximately this many ATP's from 1 glucose.
36
99
How many times does the Kreb's cycle turn for each glucose molecule?
2 times
100
These are the 3 main products of glycolysis.
ATP, NADH, and pyruvate
101
This is the benefit of fermentation.
It produces NAD+ for glycolysis.
102
This is the purpose of the Kreb's cycle.
To make full electron carriers (NADH & FADH2)for the ETC.
103
This is the location of aerobic respiration.
Mitochondria
104
This is what happens to the Surface Area : Volume ratio as a cell grows in size.
The ratio shrinks.
105
This is the function of centrioles.
They anchor into the cytoplasm & help with cell division.
106
Hydrogen bonds are located here in DNA.
These weak bonds are found across the molecule, holding base pairs together.
107
Covalent bonds are located here in DNA.
These STRONG bonds connect the nucleotides running down each side of DNA.
108
These are the monomers of DNA
nucleotides
109
This is the number of sides of DNA used as a template during transcription.
ONE! - just he active side
110
What is transcription?
Transcription uses DNA as a template to build RNA.
