Biology Flashcards
(238 cards)
1
Q
What does science rely on?
A
facts & evidence (something you can sense, measure/collect, etc.)
2
Q
What is a theory?
A
a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observation and hypothesis
3
Q
What steps are in the scientific methodology?
A
- Observation2. Ask a question3. Hypothesis and tentative answer to the question4. Experiment/Collect Data5. Analyze data6. Conclusion and if hypothesis was not correct revise and retest
4
Q
What does bias mean?
A
A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific
5
Q
What is data?
A
information gathered from observation of experimentation
6
Q
What is a variable?
A
any factor
7
Q
What is a controlled experiment?
A
experiment where only one variable is tested at a time, and all other variables are controlled
8
Q
What is qualitative data?
A
color, texture, etc.
9
Q
What is quantitative data?
A
length, weights, and measurements
10
Q
Why is peer review important?
A
allows researchers to share ideas, to test, and evaluate each other’s work.
11
Q
What is the chemical equation of photosynthesis
A
6C02 + 6H20 - C6H12O6 + 6O2
12
Q
What is photosynthesis?
A
the process where photosynthetic organisms transfer light energy into chemical energy that is consumed
13
Q
Where does cell respiration occur?
A
Mitochondria
14
Q
What is the equation for respiration?
A
C6H12O6 + 6O2 - 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
15
Q
What is cell respiration
A
process in which sugar (glucose) are broken down with the released energy used to synthesis ATP
16
Q
How are DNA and RNA similar?
A
both are made of nucleic acids
17
Q
Both stands of DNA are held together by what bond and why?
A
Weak hydrogen bonds because DNA is constantly being pulled apart to be copied
18
Q
Which four nitrogen bases are partners in DNA?
A
Adenine - ThymineGuanine - Cytosine
19
Q
Which four nitrogen bases are partners in RNA?
A
Adenine - UracilGuanine - Cytosine
20
Q
Are the two strands of DNA complementary to each other?
A
Yes
21
Q
What is the function of DNA?
A
stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next, from one parent cell to daughter cells
22
Q
Does DNA ever leave the nucleus
A
No
23
Q
What is the function of RNA?
A
used by cells as a working copy of a gene to be used in the production of proteins
24
Q
Can RNA leave the nucleus?
A
Yes
25
When does DNA happen?
before cell division so each new cell gets a full set of chromosomes
26
What are the steps to DNA replication?
1. The DNA strands are "unzipped" 2. The enzyme, DNA polymerase, attaches free nucleotides to build a new complementary strand along each old strand3. DNA polimerate proof reads DNA strands
27
What process is semi conservative replication
DNA replication (saving old strand and adding new strand)
28
Where does prokaryotic DNA replication occur?
on one spot on the chromosome and proceeded in both directions
29
Where does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?
replication occurs in hundreds of places simultaneously in both directions to speed up the process
30
What are genes?
coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within a cell
31
What are the three types of RNA?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Transfer RNA (tRNA)
32
What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
serves as the messenger from DNA to the ribosome (site of protein production)
33
What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
protein are assembled on ribosomes which contain a strand of rRNA
34
What is the function of transfer RNA?
transfers each amino acid to the ribosomes as specified by mRNA coded messages from the nucleus
35
How many genes code for a protein?
1
36
What are the two major stages in protein synthesis?
1. Transcription - synthesis of mRNA from the DNA template2. Translation - synthesis of a protein from the mRNA template
37
Will the mRNA stand be complementary to the DNA strand it was written from?
Yes
38
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus
39
What is a codons?
Three nitrogen bases from mRNA that specify for a specific amino acid (builds a protein)
40
Where does translation occur?
on the ribosomes
41
How many different codon combinations are there?
64
42
What does the AUG codon code for?
Tells ribosome to start building the protein
43
How does tRNA know which amino acid goes where?
due to its complementary codon/anticodon relationship
44
What is a mutation?
malfunction of genetic material
45
What is a somatic cell?
Body cell
46
What are gamete cells?
Egg or sperm
47
Some mutations are caused by what?
Mutagens (ex. UV Rays, tobacco smoke)
48
What is the reason for genetic variations?
mutation
49
What types of mutations are there?
1. Gene mutation (change in genetic information at one base)2. Chromosomal mutations (change in the number/structure of chromosomes)
50
What types of gene mutation are there?
Substitution, insertion, and deletion
51
What is the product of cell division (mitosis)?
a genetically identical copy of itself
52
What are the functions of mitosis?
1. Asexual reproduction (in unicellular organisms)2. Growth, repair, and development of an organism (multicellular organisms)
53
What are the two major phases of cell division?
1. Interphase2. M phase (cell division)
54
What does a parent cell divide into?
2 daughter cells
55
Interphase takes how much of a cell's life.
90%
56
What are the three stages of interphase?
G1 Phase, S Phase, and G2 Phase
57
What happens during G1 phase?
Cell growth and copying of organelles
58
What happens during S Phase?
Synthesis of DNA and replication of chromosomes
59
What happens during G2 Phase?
Preparation for mitosis (organelles required for mitosis produced
60
What are the two stages of M Phase?
Mitosis and cytokinesis
61
What are the four steps of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
62
What is mitosis?
Division of the nucleus
63
What is cytokinesis?
Division of cytoplasm and organelles between two cells
64
What happens during prophase?
Chromatin organizes into chromosomes (sister chromatids) and nuclear membrane disappears
65
What happens during metaphase?
sister chromatids line up at the cell's equator and spindle fibers appear and attach to the centromere
66
What happens during anaphase?
Spindle fibers shorten, pulling the sister chromatids apart toward each new cell
67
What happens during telophase?
The nucleus reappears in both cells and chromosomes decondense into chromatin
68
What is the difference in cytokinesis between plant and animal cells
Animal cells develop a cleavage furrow that pinches in and plant cells build a wall separates the two new cells
69
What is the acronym for cell division
I.P.MAT
70
What are regulatory proteins/cydin?
Control cell division
71
What is apoptosis and what is its function?
Programmed cell death and is the key to developing tissues and organs
72
What does meiosis create?
Gametes/sex cells
73
What is meiosis?
process where chromosomes per cell is cut in half
74
What is a haploid cell?
A cell with one set of chromosomes (gametes)
75
What are diploid cell?
Cells with two sets of chromosomes
76
How many chromosomes do you get from each parent?
23
77
How many chromosomes are haploid? Diploid?
23 haploid and 46 diploid
78
What are the difference between mitosis and mitosis?
Mitosis: genetically identical copies, somatic cells, one round of division Mitosis: genetically unique copies, gamete cells, two rounds of division
79
What is genetics
Study of heredity
80
What is heredity?
Genetic transmission of characteristics (traits) from parent to offspring
81
What is a trait?
Specific characteristic that can vary from one individual to another
82
What is a gene?
Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein, determines a trait, and is the basic unit of heredity
83
What is an allele?
one of a number of different forms of a gene
84
What is a genotype?
Genetic makeup of an organism for a trait. Represented by a pair of letters ex. Dd
85
What is a phenotype?
Physical express of a trait
86
What controls a phenotype
Genotype
87
What do punned squares show?
Possible outcomes of a genetic cross
88
What is probability?
Likelihood that a particular event will occur
89
What is ATP?
energy that cells can use
90
What is the difference between ATP and ADP
ATP has three phosphate while ADP has only two
91
How do ATP and ADP produce energy?
When ATP releases its third phosphate it releases energy creating ADP
92
What is aquaculture?
growing fish in controlled conditions for food production
93
What is hydroponic?
growing plants in a nutrient rich water (soil less environment)
94
What is aquaponics?
growing fish and plants symbiotically in a controlled environment
95
Biology is the study of what?
Life
96
What are the principle elements in living things
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
97
What characteristics do all living things share?
Living things are made up of cells, based on DNA, obtain and use materials and energy, grow and develop, reproduce, respond to their environment, maintain a stable internal environment, and change over time.
98
All organisms store complex information they need to live, grow, and reproduce in a genetic code called what?
DNA
99
Living things maintain a stable internal environment called what?
Homeostasis
100
What is metabolism?
The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or break down materials for energy
101
What three subatomic particles make up an atom?
protons, neutrons, and electrons
102
What is the basic unit of MATTER?
atom
103
What charge are protons?
positive
104
What charge are neutrons?
no charge
105
What charge are electrons?
negative
106
What forms an atoms nucleus
protons and neutrons
107
Where in the atom are electrons?
Electrons are in constant motion in the space surrounding the nucleus.
108
What charge are atoms?
neutral
109
What is an element?
A pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom.
110
How are isotopes of an element similar?
They all have the same number of electrons giving them the same chemical properties.
111
What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of protons and neutrons they contain
112
What is a radioactive isotope?
An isotope that's nuclei are unstable and break down at a constant rate over time
113
In what ways do compounds differ from their component elements?
Physical and chemical properties of a compound are usually very different from those of the elements from which it is formed.
114
What is a chemical compound?
A substance formed by the chemical combinations of two or more elements in definite proportions
115
How is the chemical formula written for the compound water
H2O
116
What are the main types of chemical bonds?
Ionic bonds and Covalent bonds
117
What are ionic bonds?
Bonds formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one electron to another
118
What are ions?
Positively or negatively charged atoms (formed by ionic bonds)
119
What is a covalent bond?
Bond in which electrons are shared by atoms
120
What is a single covalent bond?
an atom that shares two electrons (also double and triple covalent bonds)
121
What is the structure that is formed by a covalent bond called?
molecule
122
What is the smallest unit of most COMPOUNDS?
Molecule
123
What are van der Waals forces?
When molecules are close together, a slight attraction can develop between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
124
Can matter be created or destroyed
NO!
125
Which bond gives water its special properties?
hydrogen bonds
126
What is the attraction between a hydrogen atom on one water molecule and the oxygen atom on another is known as?
hydrogen bond
127
What are water's special properties?
cohesion (attraction between molecules of the same substance), adhesion (attraction between molecules of different substances), and high heat capacity
128
How does water's polarity influence its properties as a solvent?
It is able to dissolve both ionic compounds and other polar molecules
129
What is a mixture?
A material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not combined chemically
130
What is a solution
A type of mixture that is evenly dispersed
131
What is a solute?
a substance that is dissolved
132
What is a solvent?
A substance in which the solute dissolves
133
What is a suspension?
A type of mixture of water and a no dissolved material
134
What is the pH scale?
A measurement system that indicates the concentration of H+ ions in a solution
135
From 0-14 which number(s) on the pH scale are basic?
8-14 (the higher the more basic)
136
From 0-14 which number(s) on the pH scale are neutral?
7
137
From 0-14 which number(s) on the pH scale are acidic?
0-7 (the lower the more acidic)
138
What is an acid?
Any compound that forms H+ ions in solution
139
What is a base?
A compound that produces hydroxide (OH-) in solution
140
What are buffers?
A weak acid/base that reacts with reacts with strong acids/bases to prevent sharp change in pH
141
Why is it important for cells to buffer solutions again rapid changes in pH?
Buffers dissolved in life's fluids play an important role in maintaining homeostasis
142
Why is water a polar molecule?
oxygen takes shared electrons making it negative and hydrogen positive
143
Is water polar or non-polar?
Polar
144
What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions?
Joining of atoms in compounds
145
What is a chemical reaction?
Process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another
146
What are elements/compounds that enter a chemical reaction called?
reactants
147
What do chemicals reactions produce?
Products
148
What is activation energy?
Energy needed to start a chemical reaction
149
What role in living things do enzymes play and what affects their function?
Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules can affect the activity of molecules
150
What is a catalyst?
Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction and lowers activation energy
151
What are enzymes?
proteins that catalyze (start and control) chemical reactions
152
Enzymes are specific and only bind to what?
their specific substrate (like a lock to a key)
153
Do enzymes have an optimum temperature and pH they work at?
Yes
154
What is the cell theory?
All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
155
How do microscopes work?
Most use lenses to magnify the image of an object by focusing light of electrons
156
What are the basic units of life?
Cells
157
What characteristics do eukaryotic cells have?
DNA is included in a nucleus, larger and more complex then prokaryotic cells, have many organelles
158
What characteristics do prokaryotic cells have?
single celled (unicellular) organisms, no nucleus, mainly only bacteria, first living things on Earth and still dominate the population
159
What are the differences between animal and plant cells?
Animals have lysosomes (rare) and centriolesPlants have chloroplast, cell wall, and larger central vacuole
160
What is cytoplasm?
Portion of cell outside the nucleus
161
What are organelles
Structures within a cell
162
What is the role of the cell's nucleus?
Contains nearly all the cell's DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules
163
What are the functions of vacuoles?
Vacuoles store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
164
What are the functions of lysosomes?
Break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. They also break down organelles that have outlived uselfulness
165
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
Helps maintain the cell's shape and movement
166
What are the functions of centrioles?
help organize cell division
167
What are the functions of ribosomes (small particles of RNA)?
Assembly of proteins (occurs right on them)
168
What are the functions of endoplasmic reticulum?
Prepare proteins to be released from the cell
169
What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
Modifying, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage in the cell or release outside the cell
170
What are the functions of the chloroplast (plants)?
Capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food
171
What are the functions of the mitochondria (animal)?
Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more confine for the cell use
172
What are the functions of the cell wall?
Strong supporting layer around the membrane
173
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell
174
Why are cell membranes made of a lipid bilayer
Gives the cell flexible structure that is also strong barrier
175
Why are selectively permeable membranes special?
Some substances can pass across them and others cannot
176
What is passive transport?
Movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy
177
What is facilitated diffusion?
Diffusion through special protein channels
178
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
179
What is an isotonic solution?
both solutions have equal concentrations of solutes
180
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
protect the cell, control incoming and outgoing substances, maintain ion concentrations of various substances, allows some molecules in and others out
181
What is a selectively permeable membrane?
a membrane that allows some molecule in and keeps others out
182
What are the four basic mechanisms of transport through cell membranes?
1. Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion2. Osmosis 3. Active Transport4. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
183
What is diffusion?
the movement of molecules (or ions) from a region of high concentration to a lower concentration
184
Molecules move about randomly because of what?
kinetic energy
185
When do molecules reach equilibrium?
when hey are evenly spread out
186
What is an hypotonic solution?
solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
187
What is a hypertonic solution?
solution with higher concentration of solutes
188
What is active transport?
transport of a molecule in or out of cell that requires energy
189
not/non
a/an
190
internal/inside
endo
191
against
anti
192
joint
arthro
193
cell
cyto
194
light
photo
195
one
mono
196
many
poly
197
self
auto
198
different
hetero
199
same
homo
200
to break down
lys
201
life
bio
202
needing oxygen or air
aero
203
heat
therm
204
study of
ology
205
disease/inflammation
itis
206
to make
synthesis
207
sugar
saccharide
208
eat/consume
troph
209
seed
zygous
210
Why are alleles incompletely dominant?
One allele is not completely dominant over another
211
What are the effects of incomplete dominance
A blend
212
What is codominance?
When phenotypes are both equally expressed (ex. brown with white patches)
213
What is the process of polymerization?
Macromolecules are built by joining monomers together
214
What are the four major groups of macromolecules found in living thing?
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins
215
What elements are carbohydrates made of?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1)
216
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Living things use them as their main source of energy
217
What are two types of carbohydrates, their names, and common forms?
- Simple Sugars (monosaccharides) found commonly in glucose, galactose, and fructose - Complex Carbohydrates (polysaccharides) found in glycogen (animals) and starch (plants) as a way to as a way to store excess sugar
218
What are the function of lipids?
Can be used to store energy or important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings
219
What special characteristic do lipids have?
Not soluble in water
220
What elements are lipids made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
221
What are lipids common forms?
Fats, oils, and waxes
222
What are nucleic acids made of?
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
223
What is nucleic acid's monomers known as?
Nucleotides
224
What do nucleotide consist of?
A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
225
What is the main function of nucleic acids?
Store and transmit genetic information
226
What are the polymers of nucleic acids?
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) containing the sugar ribose and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) containing the sugar deoxyribose
227
What elements are proteins made of?
Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
228
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acids
229
What links together amino acids together?
peptide bond
230
What are the functions of proteins?
Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes, form important cellular structures, transport substances into and out of cells, and help fight disease
231
How many different amino acids are found in nature
20
232
Why is carbon unique?
it can make up to four covalent bonds with other atoms
233
What is a monomer?
a single unit building block
234
What is a polymer
monomers joined together
235
What is a macromolecule?
a giant molecule made up of monomers
236
What elements is nucleic acid made of?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
237
What are the polymers of protein?
polypeptide
238
Proteins shape can be changed by what?
adding heat or changing pH
