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MCAT > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

life

A

activities and physical structures of living organisms

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2
Q

most reactions are slowed by a large barrier

A

activation energy

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3
Q

thermodynamics

A

study of the energetics of chemical reactions

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4
Q

heat energy

A

movement of molecules

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5
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored in chemical bonds

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6
Q

What is the most important potential energy storage molecule in the cells?

A

ATP

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7
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

law of conservation energy, states that the energy of the universe is constant.

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8
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

the entropy of the universe tends to increase

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9
Q

what is the equation of delta G?

A

Detla G= delta Go + RT lnK where K = products/reactions

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10
Q

Which one can indicate the lower free energy of the product or reactants? Keq or K

A

Keq.

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11
Q

Which one can indicate the lower free energy of the product or reactants? Keq or K

A

Keq.

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12
Q

Two factors that determine whether a reaction will occur spontaneously or not

A

The intrinsic properties of the reactants and products(delta Go), and the concentration of the reactants and products

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13
Q

Which factor can change K?

A

temperature. If the temperature is high enough, no matter what, the reaction will proceed.

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14
Q

How does delta G of a reaction burning sugar in a furnace compared to the sugar being broken down in a body?

A

They are the same.

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15
Q

Chemical Kinetics

A

the study of reaction rates

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16
Q

activation energy

A

the energy required to create a transient intermediate.

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17
Q

how many amino acids are there in nature?

A

more than 400

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18
Q

how many standard set of amino acids are there comprise the proteins of all living species?

A

20

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19
Q

which amino acid is not an alpha amino acid?

A

proline, it’s an alpha imino acid

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20
Q

what does an amino acid comprise of?

A

basic amino group, acidic carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and a side chain.

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21
Q

which amino acids are nonpolar?

A

glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, methionine, phenyalanine, trptophan

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22
Q

which amino acids are polar?

A

serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine

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23
Q

which amino acids are charged?

A

aspartate, glutamate, lysine, arginine, histidine

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24
Q

which configuration does an amino acid occur naturally?

A

L amino acid

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25
Q

what is an isoelectric point?

A

pH at which an amino acid carries no net electric charge.

26
Q

step 1 of glycolysis

A

Glucose to Glucose 6-phosphate. In the first step of glycolysis, glucose is phosphorylated by the enzyme hexokinase, producing glucose 6-phosphate at the expense of ATP. This reaction, which requires Mg2+ as a cofactor, maintains the intracellcular concentration of glucose at a relatively low level, thus promoting glucose’s transport into the cell through the plasma membrane by a family of glucose transporter, known as GLUT proteins. Once phosphorylated, glucose is effectively trapped within the cell as G6P - the negative charge of G6P prevents its free diffusion from the cell cytoplasm.

27
Q

step 2 of glycolysis

A

Glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate. G6P is then rearranged into F6P by the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. This reaction is easily reversed under standard conditions. However, it is ordinarily forced forward because of the low intracellular concentration of F6P, which is constantly consumed in the next step.

28
Q

step 10 of glycolysis

A

phosphoenopyruvate -> pyruvate using enzyme pyruvate kinase. 2 ATP returned.

29
Q

polymers

A

molecules formed by the stepwise addition of smaller subunits.

30
Q

4 major classes of macromolecules

A

carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid

31
Q

carbohdrate

A

only 3 types of atoms - [C(H2O)]n.

32
Q

sucrose

A

1 glucose and 1 fructose

33
Q

lactose

A

1 glucose and 1 galactose

34
Q

maltose

A

2 glucose

35
Q

ethanol fermentation

A

pyruvate -> CO2 and acetaldehyde -> NADH and ethanol.

36
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate are rearranged to form lactic acid.

37
Q

what is an isoelectric point?

A

pH at which an amino acid carries no net electric charge.

38
Q

step 3 of glycolysis

A

Fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. F6P is phosphorylated by enzyme phosphofructokinase in a reaction which is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP and which requires Mg2+ as a co-factor. This reaction is the rate-limiting step of glycolysis and a key regulatory point in the pathway.

39
Q

step 4 of glycolysis

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphat is destabilized by the electrostatic repulsion between its two negatively charged phosphate groups, allowing aldolse to easily split the hexose ring into two triose sugars, dihydroxyacetone phosphate(DHAP), a ketose, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate(GADP), an aldose.

40
Q

step 5 of glycolysis

A

In the final step of the prepratory phase, the enzye trisephosphate isomerase converts DHAP into GADP, the only substrate that will continue further through glycolysis.

41
Q

step 6 of glycolysis

A

The enzyme glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes the dehydrogenation and phosphorylation of both molecules of GADP, forming 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG). The hydrogen is used to reduce two molecules of NAD+to NADH and a proton for each triose.

42
Q

step 7 of glycolysis

A

In this step, phosphoglycerate kinase transfers a phosphoate group from the dephosphorylated molecule 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP. This process is referred to as substrate-level phosphorylation. Because this reaction requires ADP, it is sensitive to the energy balance of the cell - when ATP levels are high, the reaction inhibited because of the unavailability of the reaction substrate, ATP. As with previous, Mg2+ is again a required cofactor. During the reaction, it coordinates with ADP, thus decreasing the electrostatic repulsion between ADP’s phosphate groups and stabilizing the molecule.

43
Q

step 8 of glycolysis

A

phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate.

44
Q

step 9 of glycolysis

A

Enolase, a lyase, then catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphenolpyruvate in a reaction requiring 2 Mg2+.

45
Q

step 10 of glycolysis

A

In the final reaction of glycolysis, pyruvate kinase, using Mg2+ as a cofactor, converts phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate and, in the final substrate level phosphorylation, yields ATP.

46
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate are rearranged to form lactic acid.

47
Q

where does gluconeogenesis typically occur in?

A

liver and in a much smaller extent, in the cortex of kidneys

48
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

the metabolic pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates, including pyruvate, glycerol, lactate, odd-chain fatty acids, and the glucogenic amino acids.

49
Q

Cori cycle in the liver

A

lactate is converted into pyruvate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase

50
Q

how is acetyl-CoA synthesized?

A

oxidation of carbohydrate, fats, and protein.

51
Q

citrate

A

4 carbon molecules that is synthesized from acetyl-CoA

52
Q

organelles

A

form separate compartments within the cell so various enzymatic reactions can occur in suitable environments

53
Q

nucleus

A

to sequester the DNA from the enzymatic reactions occuring in the cytoplasm

54
Q

nucleolus

A

dense mass inside the nucleus. Ribosomal proteins and RNAs are assembled here

55
Q

nuclear envelope

A

consist of two lipid bilayers. Creates a barrier to water-soluble.

56
Q

pores

A

span both membranes and allow ions and small molecules to pass through. Responsible for both into and out of the nucleus.

57
Q

chromosome

A

Inside the nucleus the DNA is arranged into this structure. It is made up of DNA and protein associated with organization, transcription, replication, and repair.

58
Q

rough ER

A

Ribosomes are attached to the cytoplasmic side of the ER. The rough ER often looks as though it is stacked in the cells. Polypeptides assembling on the ribosomes will be threaded into the ER if they contain a specific sequence of amino acids called the signal sequence. Once inside the ER, proteins become modified through the addition of oligosaccharides. Rough ER is very abundant in cells that secrete large amount of proteins.

59
Q

smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis

60
Q

peroxisomes

A

sacs of enzymes. Fatty acids and amino acids are broken down here. Hydrogen peroxide produced as a byproduct from these reactions, is converted into H2O and O2 or various alcohols.

61
Q

Golgi

A

Organelles functions in mod

MCAT (5 decks)

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