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Sem. 2 FINALS > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Interphase

A

Time between cell divisions; divided into G1, S, G2 & G0

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2
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

The cross of two pure breed plants in which the offspring expresses a phenotype that is a blend of the two
Ex: RR (red) and WW (white) equals 1RR:2RW:1WW RW(pink)

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3
Q

Codominance

A

In a cross of two pure breed plants the offspring show both traits
Ex: C^R C^R (red) and C^W C^W (white) equals 4C^R C^W (stripes)

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4
Q

Complete Dominance

A

The heterozygous and dominate homozygous individuals have the same phenotype a (same appearance)

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5
Q

Test Cross

A

A cross in which you know the results not the parents

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6
Q

Law of Domonince

A

When an organism is dominant for a pair of contrasting traits only the dominant trait can be seen in the hybrid

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7
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Both sperm and egg each carry one allele when fertilization occurs both alleles are joined to form a pair

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8
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

The alleles are repaired during fertilization randomly meaning that the inheritance of one gene does not ensure the inheritance of another

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9
Q

Law of Probability

A

The livelihood that a specific event will happen. Each event is independent of every other event.

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10
Q

Genotype vs. Phenotype

A

Actual genetic makeup vs physical expression of trait

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11
Q

Heterozygous v. Homozygous

A

Both alleles are the same vs bothe alleles are different

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12
Q

Sex Chromosomes for humans

A

Human Male= XY

Human Female= XX

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13
Q

P-MAT

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase/cytokinesis

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14
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes: coil up
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus: split
Centrisomes: 2 centrisomes with centrioles move to opposite poles
Spindle fibers: appear between the two centrisomes; 1 kineticore fiber will attach on each of the sister chromatids

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15
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes: line up
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus: -
Centrisomes: @ opposite poles
Spindle fibers: kineticore fibers move chromosomes to the middle of the cell

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16
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes: split up
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus: -
Centrisomes: -
Spindle fibers: kineticore fibers shrink as they seperate it sister chromatids. Polar fibers elongate the cell

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17
Q

Telophase w/ cytokinesis

A

Chromosomes: Uncoil
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus: reappear
Centrisomes: one per cell
Spindle fibers: all fibers disappear

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18
Q

Meiosis I

A

Homologous chromosomes (tetrad) seperate and form two copied cells

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19
Q

Meiosis II

A

Sister chromatids seperate to form four haploid cells

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20
Q

Oogenesis cytokinesis

A

Ovum (egg), female gamates, are created in the ovary (female gonads)

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21
Q

Process of oogenesis

A

/First polar body

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22
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Sperm, male gamates, are created in the testes (male gonads)

Equal cytokinesis happens resulting in 4 sperm

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23
Q

Diploid v. Haploid

A

Diploid: Cells with 2 copies of each chromosomes
Haploid: sex cells; only one copy of each chromosome

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24
Q

Sex-linked traits

Study These Flashcards
A

A trait coded by an allele on the sex chromosomes

25
Pedigree
A diagram that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations
26
Pedigree key
``` ⚪️- female ⬜️- male ♦️/- unknown sex ⚫️⬛️- have trait/disease ⚪️⬜️- normal/ w/out trait/disease ```
27
Linked trait
Pairs of genes that tend to be inherited together
28
Chromosome map
A diagram that shows the order of genes on a chromosome Units=% The closer they are the more likely they will get inherited together
29
DNA v. RNA
``` DNA RNA Shape: double helix Single strand Nitrogen Base: A-T & C-G A-U C-G Sugars: Deoxyribose Ribose Location: Nucleus Cytosol and ```
30
Semi conservative replication of DNA
When the two strands seperate, each of them will act as templates. These will join with complimentary nucleotides to make two identical strands.
31
Helicase
This enzyme is part of step one of DNA replication and repair. It unwinds helix, causing strands to seperate as the H+bonds between the nucleotides are broken.
32
DNA polymerase
Step 2 of DNA replication & reproduction; At replication forks; attaches complementary nucleotides to template
33
DNA ligase
Step 3 of DNA replication & reproduction; Seals gaps and inserts missing nucleotides in DNA strand
34
Nuclease
Step 3 of DNA replication & reproduction; proofreads DNA and repairs errors by cutting out the incorrect nucleotides
35
Scientist who built the DNA model
Watson and Crick
36
Replication
DNA to DNA ATGCTA TACGAT IN NUCLEUS
37
Transcription
DNA to RNA IN NUCLEUS ATGCTA UACGAU-mRNA mRNA finds ribosome (rRNA)
38
Translation
From nitrogen bases to amino acids
39
Dihybrid cross results
9:3:3:1 | Both Dom: Dom rec: rec Dom: rec rec
40
Spontaneous generation
Living things can come from other living things or non living things
41
Microspheres and Coacervates
Both cell-like structures Created by Sidney Fox Grow in size and number but do not have hereditary material nor evolve (B/c they are not living)
42
4 gases Oparin believed were in early Earth's atmosphere
ammonia(NH3), water vapor(H2Og), hydrogen gas(H2g), methane(CH4)
43
What organic molecules were made by Urey and Miller's experiment?
Amino acids, ATP, nucleotides
44
How did ozone first form?
Over billions of years ago, O2 levels increased and as the O2 reached the upper levels of the atmosphere it was split by UV rays creating ozone(O3)
45
Progression of single called organisms
1) heterotrophic prokaryotes 2) autotrophic prokaryotes that use chemosynthesis (archea) 3) autotrophic prokaryotes that use photosynthesis; (created O2) 4) eukaryotes
46
Organelles involved in endosymbiosis
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
47
Analogous features
Similar function/appearance; different ancestry
48
Homologous features
Different function/appearance; same ancestry
49
Law of Superposition
The deeper the fossil the older it is b/c strata layers develop on top of each other
50
Darwin
Formed theory of natural selection (cause of evolution by decent with modification) Survival of the fittest
51
Redi
Disproved spontaneous generation with raw meat in jars. | REJECTED
52
Spallazani
Disproved spontaneous generation with sealed and not sealed flasks REJECTED
53
Pasture
Disproved spontaneous generation with broth in goose neck flasks. ACCEPTED
54
Binomial nomenclature
Use of genus and specie names to universally identify and organism
55
How to write a scientific name
``` Use Latin (dead language) Underline or use italics First word is initial caps, second is lowercase ```
56
How to choose a scientific name
Appearance person (who discovered) location (where discovered) Sub-species (3-toed or 4-toed)
57
Cladogram
Diagram showing inheritance of traits
58
Phylogenetic tree
Diagram shows ancestral relations
59
7 levels of classification of organisms
``` Domain (dull) Kingdom (kings) Phylum (play) Class (chess) Order (on) Family (fine) Genus (glass) Species (stools) ```

Sem. 2 FINALS (6 decks)

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