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Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Equation to calculate total magnification

A

Total magnification = eyepiece mag x objective lens mag

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2
Q

Magnification equation

A

Magnification = image size
—————
real size

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3
Q

Test for lipids

A

Emulsion test (shake with iodine), precipitate forms

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4
Q

Starch test

A

Iodine turns black from orange

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5
Q

Sugars

A

Benedictus solution, heated, forms coloured precipitate

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6
Q

Test for proteins

A

Biuret test:
Add potassium hydroxide (Alkaline)
Add copper(II)Sulfate (Blue)
If protein is present it goes purple.

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7
Q

Function of enzymes

A

Biological catalysts. Used to break down large molecules (eg. Protein). Some join molecules (eg. Glycogen synthase)

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8
Q

Effect of increasing heat with enzymes

A

Rate of traction will steadily increase until it reaches its optimum temperature. If exceeded enzymes with de-nature, substrate will not fit into enzymes.

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9
Q

Effect of increasing concentration of substrate on enzyme

A

Steadily increase until it plateaus where all active sites are occupied.

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10
Q

Effect on changing PH with enzymes

A

Have an optimum PH. By increasing or decreasing the rate of reaction will decrease

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11
Q

Name 3 structures of a bacteria cell

A

Flagellum, chromosomal DNA, Plasmid DNA

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12
Q

Explain Diffusion

A

Net movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration (Along concentration gradient).

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13
Q

Explain osmosis

A

Net movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane(prevents larger molecules passing). From a region of high concentration to low

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14
Q

Explain Active Transport

A

Movement of particles across a membrane against the concentration gradient (low ➡️ high). Requires energy

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15
Q

Role of Mitrochondria

A

Where reaction for respiration takes place.

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon + Water
Dioxide

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16
Q

Role of Ribosomes

A

Used in translation of genetic material in protein synthesis.

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17
Q

How do plants grow

A

Cell elongation

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18
Q

Cancer

A

Uncontrollable cell division

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19
Q

Stem cells

A

Differentiate into different cells which are required.

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20
Q

Meristems

A

Produce undifferentiated cells, which can differentiate into any cell in the whole plant.

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21
Q

Stem cells in medicine

A

Adult stem cells are used to cure some diseases.

Embryonic stem cells could be used as they have a larger selection to differentiate into, however this brings ethical issues.

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22
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system coordinates a response to a stimulus.

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23
Q

Reaction time

A

Time taken to respond to stimulus

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24
Q

3 types of neurones

A

Sensory, motor, relay

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25
Function of sensory neurone
carry signals from receptors to the spinal cord and brain
26
Motor neurone function
Carry signals from the CNS to the effector (organ effected by stimuli eg. Muscle)
27
Relay neurone function
carry messages from one part of the CNS to another.
28
Synapse and how it works
Gap between neurones, chemicals are released called neurotransmitter. They diffuse across the synapse. A new electrical signal is created at the next neurone
29
Reflexes
Rapid response to stimuli. The reflex ark takes the impulse to the spinal cord (instead of brain to save time) and back to effector.
30
What does sexual reproduction produce
Genetically different cells
31
DNA structure
Double-helix | Sugar-phosphate backbone and base make up a nucleotide which are bonded together with weak hydrogen bonds
32
Extraction of DNA
Mash up fruit. Add detergent (break down membrane) and salt (causes DNA to stick together). Filter insoluble bits of cell out. Add ice-cold ethanol, causing DNA to precipitate.
33
Allele
Different forms of the same gene, you have 2 alleles of each gene in the body.
34
Genotype
Combination of alleles you have
35
Phenotype
The characteristic presented from gene.
36
What determines gender
There are 2 chromosomes : | If your 23rd pair is XX or XY.
37
What causes variation
Mutations (base sequence changes) | Genotype of alleles.
38
Human genome project
Collected over 20,000 genomes Can help predict diseases. Testing and treatment for inherited disorder New and better medicines
39
Drawbacks of human genome project
May cause stress if someone is susceptible Gene-ism - may be under pressure to not have children Discrimination of employers and life insurance
40
Natural selection
“Survival of the fittest” | Those who are more adapted for the environment survive or compete, and reproduce more passing on the good genes.
41
Proof of evolution
Bacteria resistance to antibiotic. Those who posses the gene survive and others die leading to the population containing only resistant bacteria
42
Identify human ancestors
Brain volume, how it walks
43
5 kingdoms
Animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes(bacteria), Protista(euk)
44
3 domain
Archaea- look similar to bacteria but isn’t Bacteria- True bacteria Eukarya- broad range of organisms (kingdoms excluding prokaryotes)
45
Selective breeding
Choose organisms with desired traits, reproduce them
46
Disadvantages of selective breeding
Reduces gene pool, because only the “best” organisms are reproduced.
47
Genetic engineering process
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at a certain point, leaving sticky ends. Ligase enzymes join DNA together at sticky ends. 2 different bits of DNA are together making it recombinant DNA
48
Vector
Carrier
49
Health
“A state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, with absence of disease and infirmity” (WHO)
50
Communicable
Spread between individuals
51
Non-communicable
Caused by lifestyle factors
52
Cholera
BACTERIA- Vibrio Cholorae SYMPTOMS- Diarrhoea TRANSMISSION- waterborne PREVENTION- Sanitation
53
Tuberculosis
PATHOGEN- Bacteria SYMPTOMS- cough, lung damage TRANSMISSION- airborne PREVENTION- avoid crowds
54
Malaria
PATHOGEN- Protist SYMPTOMS- damaged blood cells TRANSMISSION- mosquitos (vector) PREVENTION- nets, repellent
55
Stomach ulcers
PATHOGEN- Bacteria SYMPTOMS- stomach pain TRANSMISSION- Oral transmission (swallowing water or food) PREVENTION- sanitation
56
Ebola
PATHOGEN- Virus SYMPTOMS- fever with bleeding TRANSMISSION- bodily fluids PREVENTION- quarantine
57
Chalara ash dieback
PATHOGEN- Fungi SYMPTOMS- leaf loss TRANSMISSION- airborne (wind) PREVENTION- removal
58
Chlamydia
Bacterium (behaves like virus) Result in infertility Use of condom
59
HIV
``` Human Immunodeficiency virus- Kills WBC Leads to AIDS Spread through bodily fluids Vulnerable to secondary infection ```
60
Physical barriers
Skin, mucus, hairs in nose
61
B-lymphocyte
Produces antibodies for the specific antigen
62
Chemical barriers
Stomach acid, lysozyme (eyes)
63
Heterotrophic
Organism which can’t make it’ own food, relies on organic substances
64
Autotrophic
Produces it’s own food (plants)
65
Saprophytic
Live off dead organisms
66
Homozygous
The same allele, either dominant or recessive.
67
Heterozygous
Different allele
68
Memory lymphocytes
Is able to produce a specific anti-body, which remains in the body for a long time
69
Stages of development for a drug
Preclinical and clinical
70
Pre clinical
Tested on human cells and tissue. | Then it tested on live animals
71
Clinical testing
Healthy human volunteers. Optimum dosage found. Double blind testing
72
BMI
Weight | Height^2
73
Waist-hip-ratio
Waist | Hip
74
What is a disease related to heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular disease
75
Cholesterol
Fatty substance used to make cell membrane. But can deposit and restrict blood flow in arteries, where damage has been caused (hypertension)
76
What can blood clots result in
Heart attack, Stroke
77
Treat CVD
Lifestyle change, drugs, surgery
78
Surgical procedures against CVD
stents, heart transplant, bypass
79
Drugs against CVD
Anti-hypertension, statin, anti-coagulant.
80
Light intensity
1 | Distance^2
81
Transpiration
Loss of water from plants
82
Auxin
Control growth of shoots and roots Promotes growth in shoot Inhibits growth in root
83
Shoots : phototropism and gravitrophic
Positive, towards light | Negative, away from gravity
84
Roots: phototropism, gravitropic
Negative, away from light | Positive, towards gravity
85
Hormones
Chemical messengers in the blood
86
Where are hormones secreted
Endocrine glands
87
Neurone vs hormonal
Fast vs slow Short time vs long Precise vs General
88
What treat infertility
Clomifene therapy induces ovulation (FSH + LH) IVF
89
Type 1
Pancreas not producing enough insulin
90
Type 2
Resistance to insulin
91
Obese
+30BMI
92
Phagocytes
Engulf pathogen
93
Artery
Small lumen, large elastic walls
94
Capillaries
1 cell thick
95
Vein
Large lumen, thin wall
96
Cardiac output
Heart rate * stroke volume

Biology (8 decks)

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