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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Multicellular Organism

A

An organism that is composed of many cells. Most plants and animals are multicellular.

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal physiological environment of the body or part of the body (e.g. blood glucose level, pH, body temperature) under varying external conditions.

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3
Q

Stimulus-Response Model

A

A system in which any changes or variations (stimuli) in the internal environment are detected (by receptors); if a response is required, this is communicated to effectors to bring about some type of change or correction so the conditions can be brought back to normal.

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4
Q

Negative Feedback

A

A response that reduces the original stimulus

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5
Q

Glucose

A

A simple carbohydrate and the simplest form of sugar.

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6
Q

Enzymes

A

A large gland in the body that produces and secretes the hormone insulin and an important digestive fluid containing enzymes.

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7
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone that removes glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

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8
Q

Glycogen

A

The main storage carbohydrate in animals - converted from glucose by the liver and stored in the liver and muscle tissue.

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9
Q

Positive Feedback

A

A reaction in which the response is in the same direction as the stimulus—for example, during childbirth the onset of contractions activates the release of the hormone oxytocin, which stimulates further contractions.

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10
Q

Oxytocin

A

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that assists in the formation of bonds between mothers and their babies, and perhaps between people in close relationships.

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11
Q

Nervous System

A

The system of nerves and nerve centres in an animal in which messages are sent as an electrical and then a chemical impulse. It comprises the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

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12
Q

Endocrine System

A

The body system of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to regulate processes in various organs.

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13
Q

Signalling Molecules

A

A chemical involved in transmitting information between cells.

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14
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The part of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord.

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15
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Made up of sensory and motor neurons. It connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and detects and responds to change.

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16
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

A nerve cell in the sense organs. It detects a change in the environment and sends a message to the central nervous system.

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17
Q

Motor Neuron

A

The nerve cell that causes an organ, such as a muscle or gland, to respond to a stimulus.

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18
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical released from the axon terminals into the synapse between your nerve cells (neurons) during a nerve impulse.

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19
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Organs that produce hormones. Endocrine glands release their hormones into the bloodstream for transport to target organs.

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20
Q

Hormones

A

chemical substances produced by glands and circulated in the blood. Hormones have specific effects on the body.

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21
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The control of body temperature

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22
Q

Thermostat

A

A device that establishes and maintains a desired temperature automatically

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23
Q

Interneurons

A

A nerve cell that carries nervous impulses through the central nervous system. They provide the link between sensory neurons and motor neurons.

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24
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid found inside cells.

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25
Q

Cell Membrane

A

A structure that encloses the contents of a cell and allows the movement of some materials in and out.

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26
Q

Dendrites

A

A structure that relays information towards the cell body of a neuron.

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27
Q

Axon

A

an appendage of the neuron that nervous impulses travel along to the next neuron or to an effector organ (muscle or gland)

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28
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

a fatty, white substance that encases the axons (connecting branches) of the neurons in the nervous system

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29
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between adjoining neurons across which electrical nerve impulses are sent

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30
Q

Vesicle

A

A small cavity, usually filled with fluid

31
Q

Effector

A

An organ that responds to a stimulus

32
Q

Reflex Arc

A

A nervous pathway involving a small number of neurons. A reflex occurs when nervous impulses travel from the receptor to the spinal cord and then to the effector organ.

33
Q

Conscious Response

A

Actions taken after the brain receives information from one of the sense organs.

34
Q

Sensory Organs

A

A specialised structure that detects stimuli (such as light, sound, touch, taste and smell) in your environment

35
Q

Stimuli

A

changes in the environment that can be detected and responded to

36
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Special cells located in your skin, part of your brain and body core that are sensitive to temperature.

37
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

special cells within the skin, inner ear and skeletal muscles that are sensitive to touch, pressure and motion, enabling you to balance, hear and sense pressure and movement

38
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

special cells within a sense organ (especially the nose and tastebuds) that are sensitive to particular chemicals, giving you the sensations of smell and taste

39
Q

Photoreceptors

A

a receptor cell located in your eye that is stimulated by light, converting it to electrical energy that is sent to the brain, giving you the sensation of light

40
Q

Pain receptors

A

special cells located throughout the body (except the brain) that send nerve signals to the brain and spinal cord in the presence of damaged or potentially damaged cells, resulting in the sensation of pain

41
Q

Hot Thermoreceptors

A

a type of receptor in your skin that can detect an increase in skin temperature above 37.5°C (normal body temperature)

42
Q

Cold Thermoreceptors

A

a type of receptor in your skin that can detect a decrease in skin temperature below 35.8 °C

43
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

nerve that sends signals to the brain from the chemoreceptors in the nose

44
Q

Reflex Action

A

a quick response to a stimulus. Reflex actions do not involve thought; unconscious decision.

45
Q

Ear Canal

A

the tube that leads from the outside of the ear to the eardrum

46
Q

Eardrum

A

a thin piece of stretched skin inside the ear that vibrates when sound waves reach it

47
Q

Ossicles

A

a set of three tiny bones that send vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. They also make the vibrations larger.

48
Q

Middle Ear

A

the section of the ear between your eardrum and the inner ear, containing the ossicles

49
Q

Cochlea

A

the snail-shaped part of the inner ear. It is lined with tiny hairs that are vibrated by sound and stimulate the hearing receptors.

50
Q

Auditory Nerve

A

a large nerve that sends signals to the brain from the hearing receptors in the cochlea

51
Q

Tastebuds

A

nerve endings located in your tongue that contain receptors sensitive to sweet, salty, bitter, sour and savoury chemicals, allowing you to experience taste.

52
Q

Papilla

A

bumps on your tongue that are thought to contain taste buds.

53
Q

Hormones

A

chemical substances produced by glands and circulated in the blood. Hormones have specific effects in the body.

54
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

organs that produce hormones. Endocrine glands release their hormones into the bloodstream for transport to target organs.

55
Q

Target Cells

A

cells in the body that respond to a particular hormone`

56
Q

Hypothalamus

A

monitors internal systems and controls the release of hormones to maintain the normal body state (homeostasis)

57
Q

Pineal Gland

A

a gland that produces the hormone melatonin, which can make you feel drowsy

58
Q

Producers

A

an organism at the base of the food chain that does not need to feed on other organisms; also known as an autotroph

59
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that can feed off itself.

60
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The food-making process in plants that takes place in chloroplasts within cells. The process uses carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun.

61
Q

Fat

A

an organic substance that is solid at room temperature and is made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms

62
Q

Metabolism

A

the chemical reactions occurring within an organism that enables the organism to use energy and grow and repair cells

63
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

64
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate - a form of energy that cells can use.

65
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

the chemical breakdown of food using oxygen. The reaction needs enzymes, occurs in all body cells and releases energy.

66
Q

Glycolysis

A

process by which glucose is converted into a simple form, during which energy is released

67
Q

Cytosol

A

the fluid found inside cells

68
Q

Krebs cycle

A

part of the aerobic respiration process in which carbon dioxide and ATP (energy) are produced

69
Q

Electron transport chain reactions

A

part of the aerobic respiration process

70
Q

mitochondria

A

small rod-shaped organelles that supply energy to other parts of the cell. They are usually too small to be seen with light microscopes. Singular = mitochondrion.

71
Q

Anaroebic respiration

A

The chemical breakdown of food without oxygen. The reaction needs enzymes, occurs in cells and releases less energy than aerobic respiration.

72
Q

Lactic Acid

A

an end product of anaerobic respiration in animals; also known as lactate

73
Q

Ethanol

A

an end product of anaerobic respiration in plants; a form of alcohol

Science (6 decks)

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