Biology Flashcards
(42 cards)
what are the two main functions of a digestive system?
1- digestion
2- Absorption
What are ruminants?
- ruminants has a multi- chambered stomach when they digest there food
- for this multi- chambered system to work they reply on microorganisms
- bacteria is the most common microorganisms found in theses stomach chamber.
what are the functions of the caecum in the herbivores?
- in herbivores- like cows. the caecum stores the food materials where bacteria breaks down the cellulose
- any food not digested by the chambers system will be broken down in the caecum so the nutrients can be released
- the caecum is found in animals which eat plants
rodent teeth
- rodent teeth are different from some other mammals.
- rats have incisors and molars
- rate incisors are highly specialised for growing
- molars are used for grinding food
- there teeth are opened roots which means they never stop growing unlike humans and other mammals they lose teeth.
- they do not have canines instead they have a long space in their mouth where these teeth would normally be. this is called diastema
nutrientionsl deficiency
occurs when the body doesn’t abort or get from food the nesscessary amount of nutrients. deficiency can lead to varies of health problems
animal sense hearing
ears-
- animals use there ears to detect if prey or predators are nearby
- most animals ears are on the side of there head or on top- there’s a lot of different types
different type of ears in animals
birds:
- their hearing structure is almost entirely internal (inside)
- funnel shaped to focus sound
- located slightly behind and below their eyes
land mammals:
- land mammals have ears external (outside) to their body
- ears can vary greatly depending on the animal
marine mammals:
- marine mammals more commonly have ears “holes”
- mammals that are fully adapted to water have very poor hearing out of the water
- marine mammals that live in and out of the water e.g. polar bears, otters, seals and sea lions
hearing in pinniped ( sea lions, walrus):
- the external wars are flaps are reduced or absent
- muscles and cartilage along the ears canal close the ear off to water
- inner ear is very similar to land mammals
hearing in cetaceans (whales, dolphins):
- no external structure
- no functional ear canal
fish:
-sound vibrations go though the fish body to their head
reptiles:
- internal so therefore nothing can been seen on the outside apart from a small opening
amphibian:
- internal structure
- their ear holes can be covered by membranes which protect the hearing structures inside
important organs in cardiovascular system
- heart
- lungs
- veins
- arteries
- capillaries
circulatory system
pulmonary circulation:
is a loop from the heat to the lungs and back again.
systemic circulation:
carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back again
pulmonary artery:
comes from the heart. it splits into two batches and brings blood from the heart to the lungs. at the lungs the blood picks up oxygen and drops of carbon dioxide. the blood then truths to the heart though pulmonary veins
aorta:
blood that reruns to the heart had picked up oxygen that can be fed to the body aorta is an artery that leaves the heart carrying deoxygenated (no oxygen) blood.
capillaries:
have thin walls though which the oxygen is delivered to the cells. capillaries lead to the veins which connects to the heart. two veins the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
pulmonary artery (blood)
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lungs (oxygen)
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pulmonary veins
what happens in the lungs
- oxygen travels from the air sack (alveoli) though the walls of the capillaries into the blood
- at the same time carbon dioxide enters the air sack of the lungs, this carbon dioxide then leaves the body when you exhale
blood can carry the following substance
- nutrients
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- waste
- hormones
- heat
respiratory rate
is the number of breaths a person/animal can take per minute
— normal respiratory rate for a human is 12-16 breaths per minute
two main temperatures
-digital thermometer:
inserted into the animals ear
-recital thermometer:
inserted into the recital (ass)
reproduction in mammals
development of the foetus:
the egg becomes fertized which divides repeatedly which implanted into the wall of the uterus which then develops into a foetus
amniotic fluids:
surrounds and protects the developing embryos. the amniotic sac produces amniotic fluids
amniotic sac:
major role for growth and development, acts as a barrier to infections, maintain the body temperature, enables the foetus to move
placenta:
connects to the umbilical cord, develops from the embryo, waste materials and carbon dioxide to move from the embryo to the mother
artificial insemination
invoked manually collecting semen from the animals and the depositing it in the reproductive tract of the female
— why?
- cannot replace naturally
-collect amen from animals to impregnate females
-breading to create good characteristics
-make money
—pros
- money
- more babies
- less stressful
- healthier animals
—cons
- costs lots of money
- could hurt the animal
- stressful to the animal - abnormal ways
- illness to the equipment or though out the progress
when do dogs reach sexual maturity
-female dogs ready sexual maturity around 6 months however this is variable depending on the breed NOT the same for every animal
diagnosing pregnancy
abnormal palpation:
feeling the lower body of the animals to feel weather they are pregnant
ultrasound:
putting gel at the end of the tummy and moving it around
nutrients
protein:
protein assists with GROWTH and REPAIR of the body
found in; meat, fish, cheese, milk, eggs, vegetables e.g. soya beans and nuts
carbohydrates:
carbohydrates are needed to give the body ENERGY
two main types:
1. starch : found in cereals, cornflour, potatoes, pasta and flour
2. sugar + plants : found in fruit, vegetables, honey, milk
fats AKS lipids
fats help to provide concentrated sources of ENERGY and to help to INSULATE the body in cold water
two main types:
saturated fats : are usually obtained from animals e.g. meat, bacon
unsaturated fats : comes from vegetables sources e.g. sunflower oil
calcium:
is needed for the growth of HEALTHY TEETH + BONES
found in : greens, live food
iron:
needed for the FORMATION OF RED BLOOD CELLS
found in red meat, green veg
vitamins:
vitamin A: needed for the good vision, healthy skin, growth found in veg
vitamin B: needed for release of energy from food, healthy skin, found in bread
vitamin B12: needed for red blood cells, found in meat
vitamin C: needed for healthy skin, protects cells, helps absorb iron, found in fruit and veg
vitamin D: needed to help absorb calcium, strong teeth and bones found in margarine
blood vessels : artery blood
ARTERY: function: carry out blood away from the heart oxygenated blood expect for the pulmonary artery wall: thick, muscular lumen: small other features: thick muscular walls to withstand blood from following at high pressures as it leaves the heart. the largest artery in the aorta
blood vessels : veins
VEINS: function: carry blood towards the heart -usually deoxygenated blood expect from pulmonary veins) walls: thinner lumen: large other features: contains valves to prevent back flow of blood
blood vessels : capillary
CAPILLARY:
function:
allows diffusion of gases and nutrients from the blood into the body cell
wall:
very thin, one cell thick
lumen:
very small only allows blood to pass though one cell at a time
other features:
walls are made out of semi- permeable membranes told transport of gases and nutrients into and out of the body
bearded dragon ears
- round
- small
- internal structure
- self protection
- keeps sand/dirt from going it inside there ears
sea lions ears
- helps then drive underwater as they cover up their ear canal so water doesn’t come inside- they go flat to their head when they’re underwater or driving
- protects their ear canal
antelope ears
- pointy ears
- big relation to the body size
- good at hearing their prey
- the ears are curved so they can hear sounds
