BIOLOGY Flashcards
ms lou parang awa mo na huhu (176 cards)
1
Q
Flip card.
A
Theories of Evolution - Starting Point.
2
Q
This means evolution with modification; a process of change.
A
Evolution
3
Q
Simply means inheritance.
A
Descent
4
Q
Changes in traits from one generation to another.
A
Modification
5
Q
The number of the same species in a particular area.
A
Population
6
Q
A type of evolution that creates changes in the DNA that’s done at a molecular level and is small-scale.
A
Microevolution
7
Q
A type of evolution wherein altered genes group together that results into a new species in the next generation.
A
Macroevolution
8
Q
Collection of genes and alleles.
A
Gene Pool
9
Q
What is the formula for allele frequencies?
A
Number of copies of a specific allele
_____________________________
Total number of alleles in a population
10
Q
They made the manuscript about the description of species.
A
Alfred Russel Wallace
11
Q
They suggested that closely related species arose from a common ancestor and were changing.
A
Georges-Louis Buffon
12
Q
They believed that membes of a species were created identical to one another.
A
Aristotle
13
Q
They claimed that all changes in nature are gradual.
A
Charles Lyell
14
Q
They proposed the theory of use and disuse as well as the theory of acquired traits.
A
Jean Baptise de Lamarck
15
Q
This theory states that species will acquire traits from their environment.
A
Acquired Traits Theory
16
Q
Proposed the famous theory of natural selection and claims that evolution is descent with modification.
A
Charles Darwin
17
Q
What was the ship that the proponent of the theory of evolution took a voyage on for five years?
A
HMS (Her Majesty’s) Beagle
18
Q
What was the title of the book of the same proponent?
A
The Origin of Species by Natural Selection
19
Q
They proposed that mutations in the DNA are what cause the organism to go through evolution or change,
A
Hugo de Vries
20
Q
These are parts with similar structure but with DIFFERENT functions.
A
Homologous Structures
21
Q
These are parts with different structures but have the SAME function.
A
Analogous Structures
22
Q
A structure that has no use in the generation present today but has served several generations before.
A
Vestigial Structures
23
Q
This is the study of an organism from its birth to death.
A
Embryology
24
Q
This is a trait that increases an organism’s chance for survival.
A
Adaptation
25
The copying of another organism's more dangerous appearance.
Mimicry
26
The abililty of an organism to blend with their environment.
Camouflage
27
What are Darwin's evidences for his theory?
| Hint: F.B.C.
1. Fossil Record
2. Biogeography
3. Comparative Anatomy
28
Flip card.
Evolution & Natural Selection - Starting Point.
29
The emerging of a stronger species from pre-existing ones.
Speciation
30
The total loss of a particular species.
Extinction
31
A NON-RANDOM process that is done by selective pressures in the environment.
Natural Selection
32
A RANDOM process that causes an allele to get lost and either decreases or increases variation.
Genetic Drift
33
All of the changes in the characteristics and diversity of life that occur throughout time.
Evolution
34
What does species need in order to survive?
| Hint: F.W.S./N.M.
1. Food
2. Water
3. Shelter
4. Nesting sites
5. Mates
35
This process can add alleles and either increase or decrease variation. It also upsets genetic equilibrium.
Mutation
36
The ability to choose a mate which doesn't result into inbreeding.
Non-random Mating
37
This shuffles alleles between populations and prevents speciation.
Migration
38
RANDOM assortment of survivors from a catastrophic event that may result into different allele frequencies.
Bottleneck Effect
39
This occurs when a small group of individual separate from a former population and form a new one, where the gene pool may be different from the original.
Founder Effect
40
A type of natural selection wherein the species with the strongest phenotype will be the ones who will survive.
Directional Selection
41
A type of natural selection wherein two phenotypes are most likely to survive.
Disruptive Selection
42
A type of natural selection wherein the intermediate phenotype is most likely to survive.
Stabilizing Selection
43
A type of natural selection wherein species choose who they will mate with based on specific standards.
Sexual Selection
44
Flip card.
Origin of Species - Starting Point.
45
A group of individuals with the same traits and can interbreed with one another. It also means kind or type in Latin.
Species
46
This shows interbreeding within species.
Cladogram
47
A type of speciation wherein it has a geographic barrier or ranges, creates independent evolutionary change, and makes species vary due to nature.
Allopatric Speciation
48
A type of speciation wherein evolutionary changes occur in the same location but different species emerge due to having different needs.
Sympatric Speciation
49
The evolution of a chromosomal set number from an ancestral species.
Polyploidy
50
Flip card.
General Classification - Starting Point.
51
The science of classifying or grouping organisms, describing, and naming them.
Taxonomy
52
The proponent of binomial nomenclature and father of MODERN taxonomy.
Carolus Linnaeus
53
They classified organisms according to their movement.
Aristotle
54
A group at any rank of one or more populations of an organism.
Taxon / Taxa
55
Enumerate the old kingdom classification.
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia
56
Enumerate the new kingdom classification.
1. Archaebacteria
2. Eubacteria
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia
57
This kingdom consists of bacteria that are able to live in extreme conditions.
Kingdom Archaebacteria
58
This kingdom consists of what is generally known as "true" bacteria.
Kingdom Eubacteria
59
This kingdom consists of unicellular eukaryotes.
Kingdom Protista
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This kingdom consists of heterotrophic and sessile (immobile) species.
Kingdom Fungi
61
This kingdom consists of autotrophic and sessile species.
Kingdom Plantae
62
This kingdom consists of heterotrophic and motile (mobile) species.
Kingdom Animalia
63
Enumerate the three domains of life.
1. Archaea
2. Eubacteria
3. Eukarya
64
This is also known as the most specific grouping of organisms.
Species
65
This is a two-name system for classifying organisms.
Binomial Nomeclature
66
Flip card.
Domain Archaea & Eubacteria - Starting Point
67
A term for one-celled organisms.
Unicellular
68
A term for organisms that are made up of more than one cell.
Multi-cellular
69
Colour of stain for gram positive bacteria.
Purple
70
Colour of stain for gram negative bacteria.
Pink
71
These species have a cell wall made up by peptidoglycan, have circular DNA, and have a pili.
Prokaryotes.
72
What is the term for circular DNA?
Plasmid
73
The term used for when organisms are capable of producing their own nutrients.
Autotrophic
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The term used for when organisms need to consume others or gather nutrients from other sources.
Heterotrophic
75
They are known to be "extremophiles".
Archaeans
76
A kind of Archaean that can live in environments with a pH level less than or equal to 3.
Acidophiles
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A kind of Archaean that are found in concentrations with a high level of salt.
Halophiles
78
A kind of Archaean that thrive in stagnant waters or anaerobic intestines.
Methanogens
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A kind of Archaean that can survive in extremely high temperatures.
Thermophiles
80
A kind of Archaean that can survive in very dry conditions.
Xerophiles
81
They are known to be pathogenic or essential to organisms.
Bacteria
82
A bacteria that's rod-shaped.
Bacillus
83
A bacteria that's round-shaped.
Coccus
84
A bacteria that's spiral-shaped
Spirillum
85
A category of bacteria that consists of gram-negative bacteria and pathogens. Also known as the largest group of bacteria.
Proteobacteria
86
A category of bacteria that obtains energy through photosynthesis and can produce oxygen. Also known as "blue green algae".
Cyanobacteria
87
A category of bacteria that consists of gram-positive bateria and mycoplasma (bacteria without a cell wall).
Firmicutes
88
A category of bacteria that is parasitic and reproduces in a host's cells.
Chlamydiae
89
A category of bacteria that is spiral-shaped and pathogenic.
Spirochetes
90
Toxins that are diffused out of a bacteria.
Exotoxins
91
Toxins that form in a component of a cell itself.
Endotoxins
92
Flip card.
Kingdom Fungi - Starting Point
93
This is the Latin word for mushroom.
Fungus / Fungi
94
This is the term for the study of fungi.
Mycology
95
Enumerate the characteristics of fungi.
| Hint: E.C.M. / H.S.G.
1. Eukaryotic
2. Cells walls are made up of chitin
3. MOSTLY multi-cellular, but have a unicellular species known as yeast
4. Heterotrophic
5. Store energy as glycogen
6. Grow best in warm, moist environments
96
A kind of fungi that obtains its nutrients from dead matter.
Saprobes
97
A kind of fungi that breaks down living tissue.
Parasitic
98
A kind of fungi that gets nutrients from a host and reciprocates its benefits for the said host.
Mutualistic
99
The microscopic foundation of a fungus.
Hyphae
100
A kind of hyphae that has dividers among it.
Septate hyphae
101
A kind of hyphae that is a long cell with many nuclei.
Coenocytic hyphae
102
A kind of hyphae that sprouts short chains from yeasts.
Pseudohyphae
103
Vegetative part of the fungi that absorbs nutrients and is responsible for both reproduction and decomposition. Functions at a macro level.
Mycelia
104
A reproductive particle that may germinate.
Spores
105
The fusion of a haploid.
Karyogamy
106
The reproductive structure that produces, contains, and releases spores.
Fruiting Body
107
A phylum of fungi that consists of saprotrophs and pathogens.
Phylum Chytridiomycota.
108
A phylum of fungi that consists of fungi that lives on decaying materials.
Phylum Zygomycota
109
A phylum of fungi that is the most abundant and is recognized for its large asexual pores.
Phylum Glomeromycota
110
A phylum of fungi that consists of filamentous fungi with a hyphae. Also has jelly and shelf fungi.
Phylum Basidiomycota
111
A phylum of fungi that consists of sac fungi.
Phylum Ascomycota
112
The term for an internal saclike structure in fungi.
Ascus
113
Flip card.
Kingdom Protista - Starting Point.
114
A category of protists that are heterotrophic or animal-like.
Protozoans
115
A category of protists that are autotrophic or plant=like and are either unicellular or multi-cellular.
Algae
116
The pigment that makes up green algae.
Chlorophyll b
117
The pigment that makes up euglenoids.
Chlorophyll b
118
The pigment that makes up brown algae
Chlorophyll c2, fucoxanthin
119
The pigment that makes up dinoflagellates,
Chlorophyll c2
120
The pigment that makes up red algae
Phycoerythrin
121
A type of algae with glass-like cell walls.
Diatoms
122
Flip card.
Kingdom Plantae - Starting Point.
123
Enumerate the general characteristics of species in kingdom plantae.
(Hint: A.M. / V.R.)
1. Autotrophic
2. Multi-cellular
3. Vascular tissues are present
4. Reproduce MOSTLY asexually
124
A vascular tissues that absorbs water.
Xylem
125
A vascular tissues that absorbs nutrients.
Phloem
126
The process by which a plant turns light energy into nutrients.
Photosynthesis
127
A term for land plants.
Embryophytes
128
Another term for vascular plants that have roots, are tall in height, and have complex reproductive strategies.
Tracheophytes
129
Another term for non-vascular plants that have rhizoids that hold them in place, are short in height, and reproduces asexually or by vegetative propagation.
Bryophytes
130
This is the process when a part of a plant breaks off and develops into a new plants with the exact same genetic information as the original plant.
Vegetative Propagation
131
Enumerate the general characteristics of angiosperms.
| Hint: F.P.S. / S.C.P.
1. Flowers serve as the reproductive organs
2. Pollen grains spread genetic info from flower to flower
3. Stamens are the reproductive structure in flowers that carry male genetic info
4. Smaller female reproductive parts
5. Carpels enclose developing seeds that may turn into a fruit
6. Produces endosperm
132
A material that forms after fertilization and serves as a highly nutritional food source for the developing seed and seedling
Endosperm
133
A Greek word that means naked.
Gymnos
134
A Greek word that means seed.
Sperma
135
Any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed.
Gymnosperms
136
Enumerate the general characteristics of gymnosperms.
| Hint: N.D.P.
1. No outer covering or shell around their seeds.
2. Don't produce flowers or fruits.
3. Pollinated by wind.
137
A phylum of gymnosperm that is the most diverse, the tallest, and has simple leaves.
Coniferophyta
138
A phylum of gymnosperm that resemble palm trees, are concentrated in equatorial regions, and are usually short in height.
Cycadophyta
139
A phylum of gymnosperm that comes off from Ginkgo biloba, are endangered, and resembes an angiosperm.
Ginkgophyta
140
Flip card.
Kingdom Animalia - Starting Point.
141
Enumerate the general characteristics of an animal.
| Hint: M.S. / H.S.
1. Multicellular
2. Symmetric
3. Heterotrophic
4. Sexual reproduction
142
The kind of symmetry that has a central disc.
Radial Symmetry
143
The kind of symmetry that mirrors the other have and has a left and right side.
Bilateral Symmetry
144
The kind of symmetry that has two sides which aren't the same.
Asymmetrical
145
Front side.
Anterior
146
Tail-end side.
Posterior
147
Side.
Lateral
148
Back side,
Dorsal
149
Belly side.
Ventral
150
A phylum of kingdom animalia that consists of MARINE organisms that are asexual and simplest as its built until tissue level only.
Phylum Porifera
151
Cells that capture food for sponges.
Choanocytes
152
Cells that digest food for sponges.
Amoebocytes
153
Skeletons of sponges.
Spicules
154
A phylum of kingdom animalia that has radially symmetrical organisms that produce sexually and asexually.
Phylum Cnidaria
155
Known as stinging cells.
Nematocyst
156
A protective structures for organisms in the phylum of Cnidaria.
Hydrostatic Skeleton
157
An organelle in Cnidarians that is used to capture its prey.
Cnidocytes
158
A phylum of kingdom animalia that consists mainly of flatworms.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
159
A phylum of kingdom animalia that consists mainly of round and unsegmented worms.
Phylum Nematoda
160
A phylum of kingdom animalia that consists mainly of segmented worms.
Phylum Annelida
161
A phylum of kingdom animalia that are soft-bodied animals.
Phylum Mollusca
162
A class of phylum Mollusca where two-shelled organisms are grouped.
Class Bivalvia
163
A class of phylum Mollusca where one-shelled organisms are grouped.
Class Gastropoda
164
A class of phylum Mollusca where organisms without shells are grouped.
Class Cephalopoda
165
A phylum of kingdom animalia that consists of animals with jointed feet,
Phylum Arthropoda
166
A phylum of kingdom animalia that has spiny skin and is radial in symmetry.
Phylum Echinodermata
167
A phylum of kingdom animalia that is the most complex and has many classes under it.
Phylum Chordata
168
A class under phylum chordata that consists of jawless fish.
Class Agnatha
169
A class under phylum chordata that consists of cartilege fish.
Class Chondricthyes
170
A class under phylum chordata that consists of bony fish.
Class Ostrichthyes
171
A class under phylum chordata that consists of animals that lay eggs on land but can also thrive in water.
Class Amphibia
172
A class under phylum chordata that consists of animals that lays eggs in water but may also live on land.
Class Reptilia
173
A class under phylum chordata that consists of birds.
Class Aves
174
A class under phylum chordata that consists of warm-blooded mammals.
Class Mammalia
175
A non-vertebrate chordate that are filter feeders.
Tunicates
176
A non-vertebrate chordate that are fish-like.
Lancelets
