biology

Question 1

what is the formula for cardiac output

Answer 1

heart rate X stroke volume

Question 2

what are the 4 chambers of the heart

Answer 2

right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle

Question 3

what is the name of the valve on the right side of the heart

Answer 3

tricuspid valve

Question 4

what is the name of the valve of the left side of the heart

Answer 4

bicuspid valve

Question 5

what is the function of the SAN node

Answer 5

hearts pacemaker, responsible for the regular contraction of the heart muscle

Question 6

what is the function of the vena cava

Answer 6

carries deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower parts of the body.

Question 7

what is the function of the right pulmonary artery

Answer 7

carries deoxygenated blood to right lung

Question 8

what is the function of the aorta

Answer 8

carries oxygenated blood to the body

Question 9

what is the function of the left pulmonary artery

Answer 9

carries deoxygenated blood to left lung

Question 10

what is the function of the semilunar valve

Answer 10

prevent backward flow of blood

Question 11

what is the function of the bundle of his

Answer 11

transmits impulses from the AV node to the ventricles

Question 12

what is the structure of the arteries

Answer 12

• relatively thick wall
• smooth muscle
• elastic fibres
• lined with a smooth layer of endothelial cells
• narrow lumen

Question 13

what is the structure of the capillaries

Answer 13

• very thin wall (one cell thick)

- small lumen

Question 14

what is the structure of the veins

Answer 14

• relatively thin wall
• very little smooth muscle and elastic fibres
• wide lumen
• valves

Question 15

what is the function of the arteries

Answer 15

• withstand high blood pressure
• allow walls to stretch and recoil to smooth blood flow
• low friction surface to ease blood flow

Question 16

what is the function of the veins

Answer 16

• blood under low pressure
• no stretching and recoiling
• acts as a blood reservoir due to the large volume
• valves stop backflow, ensuring a one-way flow of blood toward the heart

Question 17

what is the function of the capillaries

Answer 17

• allows rapid exchange between blood and tissues

- links arteries and veins

Question 18

what is an antigen

Answer 18

protein on the surface of every cell membrane

Question 19

what is an antibody

Answer 19

attaches itself to the antigen to make the bacteria inactive

Question 20

what antibody can group A have

Answer 20

antibody b

Question 21

what antigen can group A have

Answer 21

antigen A

Question 22

what antibody can group B have

Answer 22

antibody A

Question 23

what antigen can group B have

Answer 23

antigen B

Question 24

what antibody can group AB have

Answer 24

none, its a universal recipient

Question 25

what antigen does group AB have

Answer 25

antigen A and B

Question 26

what antibody can group O have

Answer 26

antibody A and B

Question 27

what antigen can group O have

Answer 27

none, its a universal donor

Question 28

what is the cardiac cycle

Answer 28

- blood fills the atrium via gravity - right and left atria contract together - blood leaves the atrium - atrial kick happens to push blood into the ventricle - blood moves into the ventricles - AV valves close - ventricular pressure rises - volume rises - pockets fill with blood - as the ventricles finish contracting the ventricular rises above the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery - apex contracts and semi lumar valve opens - blood passes from ventricles into the semi lumar valve

Question 29

what is systole

Answer 29

period of ventricular/ atrial contraction

Question 30

what is diastole

Answer 30

period of ventricular/ atrial relaxation

Question 31

what is a P wave

Answer 31

activation of the atria

Question 32

what is the QRS complex

Answer 32

activation of ventricle

Question 33

what happens between the P-R waves

Answer 33

delay in excitation from the SA node to the AV node

Question 34

what is a T wave

Answer 34

shows diastole

Question 35

what is tachycardia

Answer 35

fast heartbeat

Question 36

what is brochycardia

Answer 36

slow heartbeat

Question 37

what is sinus arrhythmia

Answer 37

irregular heartbeat

Question 38

what happens in the contraction of the heart

Answer 38

- Contraction is initiated by the SAN, which sends out a wave of contraction around the walls of the atria. this causes the atria to contract together, pushing blood into the ventricles - Waves of contraction cant pass into the ventricles because there is a barrier of insulating tissue separating the atria and the ventricles; instead, the AV node passes the wave of contraction into the ventricles. The AV node is a slow conducting bridge through the insulating tissue. it carries the contraction into the ventricles but does it slowly, so there is time for the ventricles to fill before it contracts - The AV node is connected to the Purkinje fibres (through the bundle of his), the fibres are fast conducting and lead the contraction to the bottom of the ventricles. This means that the ventricles contract bottom-upwards, ensuring that all the blood is forced out into the circulation.