biology

Question 1

immunity

Answer 1

The state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances (antigens).

Question 2

pathogens

Answer 2

pathogens are biological agents that causes disease and illness to its host

Question 3

antigen

Answer 3

is a harmful substance which enters the body which causes the body to make antibodies as a response to fight off disease

Question 4

self antigen

Answer 4

any molecule or chemical group of an organism which acts as an antigen inducing antibody formationin another organism but to which the healthy immune system of the parent organism is tolerant

Question 5

non-self antigen

Answer 5

the antigens that do not orientate in your body

Question 6

innate immune response

Answer 6

The main purpose of the innate immune response is to immediately prevent the spread and movement of foreign pathogens throughout the body.

Question 7

1st line of defence

Answer 7

PLANTS:
physical- bark & wax cuticles
chemical-metabolites 
ANIMALS:
physical- skin, fur, feathers, scales
chemical- sweat, mucus, tears, saliva

Question 8

2nd line of defence

Answer 8

kicks in if the first line of defence did not work

Question 9

neutrophils

Answer 9

type of white blood cell, when signals suggest there is an infection they migrate to the site of the infection and begin killing invading infection

Question 10

macrophages

Answer 10

are specialised cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms

Question 11

dendritic cells

Answer 11

Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system

Question 12

mast cells

Answer 12

Mast cells serve the same general functions in the body and central nervous system, such as effecting or regulating allergic responses, innate and adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, and inflammation

Question 13

complement proteins

Answer 13

The main function of complement proteins is to help in the destruction of pathogens by piercing their outer membranes (cell lysis) or by making them more attractive to phagocytic cells such as macrophages (a process known as opsonisation).

Question 14

cytokines

Answer 14

Cytokines are cell signalling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma

Question 15

interleukin-1

Answer 15

aises body temperature, spurs the production of interferon, and stimulates growth of disease-fighting cells, among other functions

Question 16

interferons

Answer 16

defence to viruses, they are released once a foreign stimulate is found.

1. induce transcription
2. plasma membrane less fluid
3. undergo apoptosis
4. activate immune cell such as NK cells

Question 17

inflammatory response

Answer 17

occur when tissues is injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins,heat.
the damaged cells release histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. this causes blood vessels to leak fluid into tissues

Question 18

lymphatic system

Answer 18

network of tissues and organs that help remove toxins, waste and other unwanted materials. It transports lymph which carries infection-fighting white blood cells.

Question 19

adaptive immunity

Answer 19

occurs after exposure to an antigen either from a pathogen or a vaccination. This part of the immune system is activated when the innate immune response is insufficient to control an infection

Question 20

3rd line of defence

Answer 20

The third line of defence is specific resistance, this system relies on antigens, which are specific substances found in foreign microbes. Most antigens are proteins that serve as the stimulus to produce an immune response.

Question 21

cell-mediated immune response

Answer 21

cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to antigen.

Question 22

T cell lymphocytes

Answer 22

T cells are lymphocyte immune cells that protect the body from pathogens and cancer cells. T cells originate from bone marrow and mature in the thymus. They are important for cell mediated immunity and the activation of immune cells to fight infection

Question 23

antigen presenting cells

Answer 23

are a heterogeneous group of immune cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens for recognition by certain lymphocytes such as T cells

Question 24

MHC 2 markers

Answer 24

proteins expressed on the surface of a cell except red blood cells. they recognise viral or bacteria infected cells nor malfunctioning cells.

Question 25

phagocyte

Answer 25

a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.

Question 26

lymph node

Answer 26

filtering of lymph to identify and fight infection. In order to do this, lymph nodes contain lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, which includes B cells and T cells. These circulate through the bloodstream and enter and reside in lymph nodes.

Question 27

cytotoxic T cells

Answer 27

is a T lymphocyte that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected or cells that are damaged in other way

Question 28

natural killer cells

Answer 28

are a lymphocyte and are apart of innate immune system, help in host rejection of both tumours and virally infected cells.

Question 29

memory T cells

Answer 29

antigen-specific T cells that remain long-term after an infection has been eliminated.

Question 30

humoral immune response

Answer 30

The immune response involving the transformation of B cells into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies to a specific antigen.

Question 31

naive B cell

Answer 31

B cell that has not been exposed to an antigen. Once exposed to an antigen, the naive B cell either becomes a memory B cell or a plasma cell that secretes antibodies specific to the antigen that was originally bound

Question 32

activated B cells

Answer 32

B cells that have bonded to either soluble or membrane mount antigen

Question 33

clonal selection

Answer 33

individual lymphocyte expresses receptor specific to the distinct antigen, determined before the antibody ever encounters the antigen.

Question 34

proliferation

Answer 34

results in an increase of the number of cells, and is defined by the balance between cell divisions and cell loss through cell death or differentiation. Cell proliferation is increased in tumours.

Question 35

clonal expansion

Answer 35

the process by which daughter cells arise from a parent cell. During B cell clonal expansion, many copies of that B cell are produced that share affinity with and specificity of the same antigen.

Question 36

antibody function and structure

Answer 36

help fight intruder from harming the body its Y shaped four polypeptides, two heavy chains and two light chains

Question 37

acquired immunity

Answer 37

immunity that develops after exposure to a suitable agent (as by an attack of a disease or by injection of antigens)

Question 38

active immunity

Answer 38

refers to the process of exposing the body to an antigen to generate an adaptive immune response

Question 39

passive immunity

Answer 39

is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system. A newborn baby acquires passive immunity from its mother through the placenta.

Question 40

natural immunity

Answer 40

works to fight off pathogens before they can start an active infection.

Question 41

artificial immunity

Answer 41

The passive form of artificial immunity involves introducing an antibody into the system once a person has already been infected with a disease, ultimately relieving the present symptoms of the sickness and preventing re-occurrence

Question 42

immunodeficiency

Answer 42

is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that affect the patient's immune system.

Question 43

HIV human immunodeficiency virus

Answer 43

AIDS results from uncontrolled and untreated infection

Question 44

multiple sclerosis

Answer 44

affects neurons, the cells of the brain and spinal cord that carry information, create thought and perception, and allow the brain to control the body. Surrounding and protecting some of these neurons is a fatty layer known as the myelin sheath, which helps neurons carry electrical signals

Question 45

allergen

Answer 45

usually harmless substance capable of triggering a response that starts in the immune system and results in an allergic reaction

Question 46

histamine

Answer 46

A substance that plays a major role in many allergic reactions, dilating blood vessels and making the vessel walls abnormally permeable. Histamine is part of the body's natural allergic response to substances such as pollens.

Question 47

monoclonal antibodies

Answer 47

A monoclonal antibody is made so that it binds to only one substance. Monoclonal antibodies are being used to treat some types of cancer. They can be used alone or to carry drugs, toxins, or radioactive substances directly to cancer cells