Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCAT > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron Stimulation and ion (Na/K)

A

increases resting membrane potential positively from -70mV to the action potential.

Normal state K+ goes in and NA+ stays out. Reverse during membrate polarity change (Na+ goes in and K+ goes out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Parts of Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic: accelerates things
parasympathetic: slows things down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cerebrum

A

processing of sensory information and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cerebellum

A

receives info from muscles and sensory receptors. controls balance and coordinated movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

brain stem

A

controls autonomic functions (breathing, HR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cornea

A

front surface of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

lens

A

in the anterior chamber. amount of light passing through is controlled by the iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

retina

A

light is detected by rods and cones here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Outer ear

A

functions in collecting sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

tympanic membrane

A

separates middle and outer ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Eustachian tube

A

connects middle ear to pharynx

equalizes pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Liver and spell (circulatory system)

A

where old/RBC’s are removed from circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

capillaries

A

thinnest and most number blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

arteries

A

thickest and largest blood vessels. have muscular wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pulmonary circulation overview

A
  1. O2 poor blood goes from right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
  2. O2 rich blood returns from the lungs to the heart via pulmonary vein
  3. Enters the left atrium then goes to left ventricle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

semilunar; between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Right AV Valve

A

Between right atrium/ventricle. Tricuspid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Left AV Valve

A

Between left atrium/ventricle. Bicuspid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Aortic Valve

A

semilunar; between left ventricle and aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

consists of nasal cavity, sinuses, middle ear, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea, bronchi+bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

alveoli

A

air sacs at the end of bronchioles, gas exchange takes place here via diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

diaphragm

A

boundary between thoracic and abdominal cavity. uses negative pressure breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

steroid hormones

A

estrogen, testosterone, corisol, aldosterone produced by testes ovaries and adrenal glads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

non-steroidal hormones

A

peptide hormones (all othres) tropic hormones effect endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

endocrine cells and glads

A

produce hormones which travel thorugh the blood stream to target organs. effected by tropic hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hypothalamus

A

endocrine gland; releases various hormones that affect the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pituitary glad

A

produces growth hormone and ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Anterior Pitiutary Hormones

A

FSH and LH: control ovulation and menstrual cycle in women and sperm production in men

TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A

oxytocin: childbirth

vassopressin (ADH): raises blood pressure and makes kidneys conserve water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

pineal glad

A

melatonin: influences biological clock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Thyroid Glad

A

releases thyroxin which influences metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

parathyroid glad

A

Parathyroid hormone: increases blood Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Adrenal Glad

A

Cortisol: raises blood pressure, decrease immune fxn

aldosterone: regulates Na/K balance in blood

epinephrine+norepinephrine: fight or flight response

acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

ovary gland

A

estrogen: regulates menstrual cycle and reproduction system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

testes

A

testosterone: promotes tissue growth and regulates the reproductive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Gastrin

A

horomone in the blood. increases pepsinogen production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

pepsin+pepsinogen

A

the presence of HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Liver

A

important for metabolism

involved in the production and breakdown of proteins

produces and breaks down glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Gallbladder

A

produces and releases bile into the duodenum. breaks down fats via emulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

pancreas

A

produces insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Glomeruli

A

are of kidney where filtration occurs

uses active transport to elimnate unwanted materials (urea) and to reabsorb wanted ones (glucose Na+ and water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Decreases urine production. Allows body to absorb more water

44
Q

Bacteria

A

singled celled; eubac and archae.

prokarytotic decomposers.

live at various temp ranges

45
Q

Bacterial Cell wall

A

made of peptidoglycan

gram+: thick cell wall many layers of peptidoglycan

gram-: small amount of peptidoglycan and outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide

46
Q

endospore

A

some make a tough survival structure bacillus and clostridium

47
Q

bacterian staining

A

gram+ cells hold onto crystal violet primary stain. gram negative cells are counterstained pink (safarin)

48
Q

enteric/coliform bacteria

A

gram- rods

e.coli salmonella shigella

infect GI tract

49
Q

Mycobacterium

A

outerlayer of way/lipid and causes TB and leprosy

50
Q

gram positive rod

A

clostridium

cause tetanus, botulism and gas gangrene

51
Q

spirochetes

A

borellia: lyme disease
treponema: syphillis

52
Q

Protozoan Cyst

A

tough survival stage

often the stage that transmits disease

53
Q

trophozoite

A

state they are in when not in cyst stage

54
Q

Intestinal protozoan disease

A

amebiasis, giardia, cryptosporidium

55
Q

Trypanisoma

A

protozoan

sleeping sickness; transmitted by tse tse fly

56
Q

toxoplasma gondii

A

protozoan

involves cats; fetus can be infected if pregnant woman infected

57
Q

Fungi cell number

A

single and multicellular

58
Q

Fungal Reproduction

A

utilize asexual or sexual spores located on the fruiting body

59
Q

Molds

A

multicellular fungi

hyphae strands of cells all joined to one mass.

some have chitin

penicillium and mushrooms

60
Q

Yeasts

A

single celled fungi

undergoes fermentation

production of bread wine beer

61
Q

lichens

A

symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an algae

algae provides the food via photosynthesis

mold attaches to surface and absorbs nutritients

62
Q

Parasitic Worms (helminths)

A

flatworms: flukes/tapeworms
roundworms: hookworm/pinworm

some can form cysts in hosts

63
Q

Trichinella

A

acquired from eating undercooked pork

forms cysts in muscles

64
Q

schistosoma

A

roundworm/hookworm

enter the body by drilling through the skin

65
Q

tapeworms

A

acquired by eating undercooked beef/ poor or fish

66
Q

Viral structure

A

simple

consists of capsid (protein coat), genome (DNA or RNA), some have envelope (outer membrane) like herpes.

67
Q

why arent viruses cell’s?

A

no cell wall, membrane, nucleus, organelles, and neither prokaryotes or eukaryotes.

68
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites

A

viruses cannot make metabolic energy, proteins, or carry out most cellular functions

all viruses must live inside a host cell

69
Q

What is Viral Reproduction

A

synthesis and assembly of subunits

many parts of virus made inside cell; put togehter to make viruses.

70
Q

Stages of Viral Reproduction

A

attachment: host and tissue specific
penetration: virus enters the host cell via endocytosis/ evelope fusion
uncoating: the genome is released from inside the capsid
synthesis: the host cell makes viral proteins and NA

maturation/assembly: subunits put together

release: virus exits host cell

71
Q

Latency

A

some viruses do not complete replicating but exist as DNA inserted into the host’s DNA

ex: herpes HIV chickenpox

72
Q

atypical viruses

A

viroids: only pieces of RNA no protein
prions: only protein no DNA/RNA; BSE madcowsdisease

73
Q

vectors (disease transmission)

A

living things that spread diseases such as ticks and mosquitos

74
Q

zoonoses + nosocomial

A

pathogens from animals/ environment

patheogens from hospitals

75
Q

exotoxins

A

secreted by certain bacteria (tetanus)

76
Q

endotoxins

A

part of the cell wall of gram- bacteria

77
Q

penicillins, cephalosporins, and bacitracin

A

inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis and damage cell wall

effective against gram+

78
Q

tetracycline and erythromycin

A

broad spectrum

interfere with protein synthesis

79
Q

sulfa drugs

A

block DNA and RNA synthesis by mimicking enzyme substrates

80
Q

acyclovir and AZT

A

antiviral drugs that remeble nucleotides and block DNA synthesis

for herpes and HIV respectively`

81
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytic

protect against bacteria

82
Q

eosinophils

A

have toxic granules

protect against parasites

83
Q

lymphocytes

A

T+B cells involved in specific immunity

NK cells nonspecific immunity

84
Q

monocytles

A

phagocytosis and kill infected cells

live in bloodstream and become macrophages or dendritic cells

85
Q

plasma

A

fluid portion of blood containing antibodies and complement (triggers inflamation

86
Q

lymph nodes

A

protect a particular area of tissue

87
Q

spleen

A

similar to a lymph node; protects blood stream

removes old RBC

88
Q

barriers

A

nonspecific immunity; 1st line of defense

includes skin, mucus, and stomach acids

89
Q

mechanisms

A

nonspecific immunity; 2nd line of defense

phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, and interferon

90
Q

inflammation

A

increases blood vessel diameter and permeabilty increases the blood flow in infected area and deposits fluid

triggers migration of phagoctes to destry invading bacteria

91
Q

specific defense

A

3rd line of defense

involves recognition and memory

stronger when immune system is re exposed to material

92
Q

antigens

A

substances (proteins) specific response recognizes and reacts to

93
Q

T-cells

A

carry out cell mediated response

produce signalling molecules called cytokines

protect abgainst viral, fungal, and parasitic

94
Q

helper t cells

A

activate other T cells, B cells, macrophages, and NK cells

95
Q

supressor T cells

A

shut down other cells

96
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

kill virus infected or cancer cells

binds to them and exposes them to toxins and perforins

97
Q

NK cells

A

kills virus/ cancel cells

nonspecifically

98
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies
bind specifically to antigens

each antigen has a specific antibody that binds to it.

protects against bacterial and viral

99
Q

IgA

A

respiratory and digestive system

mucous membranes

100
Q

IgG

A

protects against toxins;

crosses placenta (maternal antibody

101
Q

IgD

A

suface of B cells

102
Q

IgE

A

mast and basophils

protect against parasitic infections

also allergies

103
Q

IgM

A

largest

bloodstream

104
Q

rheumatoid arthritis lupus erthematosus, graves disease

A

autoimmunity

105
Q

hay fever, asthma, hives, food allergies, rh disease, contact dermatitis

A

herpersensitivity

response to harmless stimuli causes death or damage to parts of body

PCAT (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions